Automobiles sales

Input-output analysis can be applied to a wide variety of problems, but its major contribution is that it reflects changes in final demand to be measured quantitatively for a great many industrial sectors. For example, the effect on CPI output of an increase in automobile sales can be determined by using input-output analysis. The techniques of input-output analysis can also be used to determine the effect on the CPI of increasing the amount of plastics in cars and decreasing the amount of steel. The effect of changes in the GNP on the CPI and on any other sector also can be estimated with input-output analysis. Also the... 

In the United States, CNG s initial use is in captive, centrally refueled fleets which require limited range, such as deHvery vans, taxis, or school buses. Such vehicle fleets can afford the capital cost of refueling equipment and can tolerate the slightly longer refueling times. Many utiHty companies, such as Brooklyn Union Gas (New York), have purchased CNG vehicles as a way of encouraging the development of this fuel. AH three domestic automobile manufacturers offer CNG vehicles for sale. 

Under modern condition the ordinary layman...has neither the opportunity nor the capacity to inspect or to determine the fitness of an automobile for use he must rely on the manufacturer who has control of its construction, and to some degree on the dealer who, to the limited extent called for by the manufacturer s instructions, inspects and services it before delivery. In such a marketing milieu his remedies and those of persons who properly claim through him should not depend "upon the intricacies of the law of sales. The obligation of the manufacturer should not be based alone on privity of contract. It should rest, as was once said,... 

Accordingly, we hold that under modern marketing conditions, when a manufacturer puts a new automobile in the stream of trade and promotes its purchase by the public, an implied warranty that it is reasonably suitable for use as such accompanies it into the hands of the ultimate purchaser. Absence of agency between the manufacturer and the dealer who makes the ultimate sale is immaterial (85). 

The relevance of photonics technology is best measured by its omnipresence. Semiconductor lasers, for example, are found in compact disk players, CD-ROM drives, and bar code scaimers, as well as in data communication systems such as telephone systems. Compound semiconductor-based LEDs utilized in multicolor displays, automobile indicators, and most recendy in traffic lights represent an even bigger market, with approximately 1 biUion in aimual sales. The trend to faster and smaller systems with lower power requirements and lower loss has led toward the development of optical communication and computing systems and thus rapid technological advancement in photonics systems is expected for the future. In this section, compound semiconductor photonics technology is reviewed with a focus on three primary photonic devices LEDs, laser diodes, and detectors. Overviews of other important compound semiconductor-based photonic devices can be found in References 75—78. 

The values of x may be either discrete or continuous. The number of sales of, say, automobiles in any one day must be an integer. If a business sells 4 automobiles, this represents all possible values of x in the range of 3.5 to 4.5. 

Data include foreign and domestic sales for trucks, buses, and automobiles. 

When gasoline-powered automobiles are modified to burn a fuel such as ethanol alone, they are known as dedicated ethanol vehicles—risky investments for buyers who have concerns about future availability. For example, Brazil s Proalcool program promoted and heavily subsidized ethanol, and thus dedicated ethanol vehicles, from 1975 to 1988. Once the subsidies were curtailed and then eliminated (estimates of the costs of the subsidy to the government range from 7 to 10 billion), shortages resulted. Many of the owners of ethanol-dedicated vehicles either had to junk or retrofit the vehicles to run on gasoline, and the sales of ethanol-dedicated vehicles went from 50 percent of the market in 1988 to 4 percent by mid-1990. 

A catalytic oxidation system may cost 150 per car, but the catalyst cost is estimated to be 30, less than 1% of the cost of an automobile (2). In a few years, the gross sale of automotive catalysts in dollars may exceed the combined sale of catalysts to the chemical and petroleum industries (3). On the other hand, if the emission laws are relaxed or if the automotive engineers succeed in developing a more economical and reliable non-catalytic solution to emission control, automotive catalysis may turn out to be a short boom. Automotive catalysis is still in its infancy, with tremendous potential for improvement. The innovations of catalytic scientists and engineers in the future will determine whether catalysis is the long term solution to automotive emissions. 

Information available regarding the chemistry of lead in air is limited. Before the ban on sales of leaded gasoline, lead particles were emitted to the atmosphere from automobiles as lead halides (mostly PbBrCl) and as double salts with ammonium halides (e.g., 2PbBrCl NH4Cl. Pb3[P04]2, and PbS04 [Biggins and Harrison 1979 Ter Haar and Bayard 1971]). After 18 hours, approximately 75% of the bromine and 30-40% of the chlorine disappeared, and lead carbonates, oxycarbonates and oxides were produced. 

Detroit s electric cars have a shaky history since the market can change rapidly in the automobile industry, which is dependent on long lead times for new models. In 1975, when memories of the oil embargo were fresh, Detroit s cars were still growing in size, but it was a record sales year for the Volkswagen Beetle and sales of Toyotas and Hondas reached 100,000 that year. GM s profits dropped 35% and the company had to temporarily close 15 of its 22 assembly plants. 

Cost The cost of the battery is determined by the materials used in its fabrication and the manufacturing process. The manufacturer must be able to make a profit on the sale to the customer. The selling price must be in keeping with its perceived value (tradeoff of the ability of the user to pay the price and the performance of the battery). Alkaline primary Zn—MnOz is perceived to be the best value in the United States. However, in Europe and Japan the zinc chloride battery still has a significant market share. In developing countries, the lower cost Leclanche carbon—zinc is preferred. Likewise, lead acid batteries are preferred for automobile SLI over Ni—Cd with superior low-temperature performance but with a 10 times higher cost. 

U.S. Over 55,000 chemicals are commercially produced, but only 10% of these account for over 99.9% of production and are made in excess of 1 million Ib/yr in the U.S. The top chemical companies have a small percentage of sales compared to other industries like automobiles, airplanes, tires, and glass, where 80-99% of sales are taken by the top eight companies or less. Diversity of products in companies has increased in the last few years. Before 1940 chemical companies sold nothing but chemicals. Although some are primarily chemical, others have diversified so that it is possible to have chemicals account for a smaller percentage of the company s sales. Corporations such as the petroleum companies have chemical sales with a very low percentage of total sales. 

As mentioned above, one interesting aspect of the chemical sector is that the industry as a whole is highly fragmented. The top ten companies in chemicals (excluding pharmaceuticals) account for only 18 percent of the total market, well below comparable values in other industries, such as automobiles, where the top ten firms account for 85 percent of sales, or pharmaceuticals, where the top firms account for more than half of all sales (Fig. 1.6). While the overall consolidation level is low, several product segments have already consolidated. The top ten manufacturers of acrylic acid, for instance, account for 85 percent of their market. The top ten manufacturers of crop protection products account for 87 percent of their market, and the top ten in paints and coatings for 42 percent. 

Once new automobiles are sold, they are driven for many years.3 Thus, the fraction of miles driven by each class of vehicles lags well behind the market share of new vehicle sales. Figure 6-1 shows the fractions of all miles assumed to driven by each class in the committee s vision, in addition to the fractions of new vehicles sold by each class. The fractions of all miles are calculated as the fractions of all vehicles on the road, adjusted by the assumption that new vehicles are driven more than old vehicles are. 

At the same time, India is enjoying a relatively healthy automobile manufacturing industry. Tata Motors, a subsidiary of Indian conglomerate Tata Group, posted 2009 sales of 14.5 billion, up from 9.9 billion in 2008 and 7.2 billion in 2007. The firm launched the Tata Nano in July 2009. The... 

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