Automobile lead storage battery

Batteries vary in size and chemistry. Shown here are an automobile lead-storage battery, rechargeable nickel-cadmium cells, alkaline cells, and zinc-carbon dry cells. 

The electrolyte in automobile lead storage batteries is a 3.75Msulfuric acid solution that has a density of 1.230 g/mL. Calculate the mass percent, molality, and normality of the sulfuric acid. 

The typical automobile lead storage battery has six cells connected in series. Each cell contains multiple electrodes in the form of grids (Fig. 11.13)... 

Chemicals in automobile lead storage battery a. Pb02, Pb, and H2SO ... 

The rechargeable 12-V lead storage battery used in automobiles consists of six voltaic cells of the type shown in Figure 18.12. A group of lead plates, the grids of which are filled... 

To recharge a lead storage battery, a direct current is passed through it in the proper direction so as to reverse the above reaction. In an automobile, the energy required to carry out the recharging comes from the engine. 

The electrical current needed to start an automobile engine is provided by a lead storage battery. This battery contains aqueous sulfuric acid in contact with two electrodes. One electrode is metallic lead, and the other is solid Pb02. Each electrode becomes coated with solid PbSOq as the battery operates. Determine the balanced half-reactions, the overall redox reaction, and the anode and cathode in this galvanic cell. 

C19-0022. Using the appropriate values from Table 19-1. calculate E ° for one cell of a lead storage battery. (Six of these cells are connected in series in an automobile storage battery.)... 

The lead storage battery provides electrical power in automobiles. It is well suited for this use because it supplies the large current needed to drive starter motors and headlights and can be recharged easily. Figure 19-20 shows the lead storage cell in a schematic view. The half-reactions are the subject of Example ... 

C19-0090. Explain why the lead storage battery, despite being the battery of choice for automobiles, is not suitable for space flights. 

The lead storage cell (six of which make up the lead storage battery commonly used in automobiles) will be discussed as an example of a practical cell. The cell, pictured in Fig. 14-2, consists of a lead electrode and a lead dioxide electrode immersed in relatively concentrated H2S04 in a single container. When the cell delivers power (when it is used), the electrodes react as follows ... 

FIGURE 18.8 A lead storage battery and a cutaway view of one cell. Each electrode consists of several grids with a large surface area so that the battery can deliver the high currents required to start an automobile engine. The electrolyte is aqueous sulfuric acid. 

Because the reaction product (solid PbS04) adheres to the surface of the electrodes, a "run-down" lead storage battery can be recharged by using an external source of direct current to drive the cell reaction in the reverse, nonspontaneous direction. In an automobile, the battery is continuously recharged by a device called an alternator, which is driven by the engine. 

The lead storage cell, six of which constitute the lead storage battery, is familiar for its use in most automobiles. It will be described in some detail because it has several features that are different from those of the Daniell cell, described earlier. The lead storage cell (Figure 17.2) consists of a lead electrode coated with a paste of lead(II) sulfate and another electrode which has lead(IV) oxide as the active oxidizing agent, also coated with lead(II) sulfate. The electrolyte is concentrated sulfuric acid, in which PbS04 is insoluble. Both electrodes are situated in the same solution. The half-reactions are... 

Since about 1912 when self-starters were first used in automobiles, the lead storage battery has been a major factor in making the automobile a practical means of transportation. This type of battery can function for several years under temperature extremes from —30°F to 100°F and under incessant punishment from rough roads. 

One technically important secondary battery is the lead-acid storage battery, used in automobiles. A 12-V lead storage battery consists of six 2.0-V cells (Fig. 17.9) connected in series (cathode to anode) by an internal lead linkage and housed in a hard rubber or plastic case. In each cell the anode consists of metallic lead in porous form to maximize its contact area with the electrolyte. The cathode is of similar design, but its lead has been converted to lead dioxide. A sulfuric acid solution (37% by mass) serves as the electrolyte. 

Lead storage battery A secondary voltaic cell that is used in most automobiles. 

The lead storage battery commonly used in automobiles consists of six identical cells joined together in series. Each cell has a lead anode and a cathode made of lead dioxide (Pb02) packed on a metal plate (Figure 19.9). Both the cathode and the anode are immersed in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, which acts as the electrolyte. The cell reactions are... 

Under normal operating conditions, each cell produces 2 V a total of 12 V from the six cells is used to power the ignition circuit of the automobile and its other electrical systems. The lead storage battery can dehver large amounts of current for a short time, such as the time it takes to start up the engine. 

Batteries, which consist of one or more electrochemical cells, are used widely as self-contained power sources. Some of the better-known batteries are the dry cell, such as the Leclanche cell, the mercury battery, and the lead storage battery used in automobiles. Fuel cells produce electrical energy from a continuous supply of reactants. 

The concentration of sulfuric acid in the lead-storage battery of an automobile over a period of time has decreased from 38.0 percent by mass (density = 1.29 g/mL) to 26.0 percent by mass (1.19 g/mL). Assume the volume of the acid remains constant at 724 mL. (a) Calculate the total charge in coulombs supplied by the battery, (b) How long (in hours) will it take to recharge the battery back to the original sulfuric acid concentration using a current of 22.4 amperes. 

When an automobile engine is started, it uses the energy supplied by a lead storage battery. This battery uses an oxidation-reduction reaction between elemental lead (lead metal) and lead(IV) oxide to provide the power to start the engine. The unbalanced equation for a simplified version of the reaction is... 

To understand this think of the analogy of water flowing through a pipe. The greater the pressure on the water, the more vigorously the water flows. The "pressure" on electrons to flow from one electrode to the other in a battery is called the potential of the battery and is measured in volts. For example, each cell in a lead storage battery produces about 2 volts of potential. In an actual automobile battery, six of these cells are connected to produce about 12 volts of potential. 

The most important example of a secondary cell is the lead storage battery used in automobiles. Other examples of secondary cells are the Edison cell and the nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells used in calculators and flash lamps. 

A modern 12-volt lead storage battery of How much water is present the type used in automobiles. 

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