Automobile storage battery

C19-0022. Using the appropriate values from Table 19-1. calculate E ° for one cell of a lead storage battery. (Six of these cells are connected in series in an automobile storage battery.)... 

Dolcourt JL, Finch C, Coleman GD, et al Hazard of lead exposure in the home from recycled automobile storage batteries. Pediatrics 68 225-230, 1981 Elwood PC, Morton M, St Leger AS Lead in water and mental retardation (letter). Lancet 1 590-591, 1976... 

The chemical equation that describes what happens in an automobile storage battery as it generates electrical energy is Pb02 + Pb + 2 H2SO4 2 PbS04 + 2 H2O. 

Other sources of potential environmental contamination by cadmium are cigarette smoke, electroplating processes, paint pigments, the cadmium-nickel type of automobile storage battery, certain phosphate fertilizers, and some of the older types of galvanized water tanks. 

The flow of electricity through a chemical system ean eause ehemieal reactions to occur. Similarly, chemical reactions may be used to produce eleetricity. Such phenomena are called electrochemical phenomena and are covered under the category of electrochemistry. Examples of eleetrochemistry abound. The transmission of nerve impulses in animals, and even human thought processes, are essentially electrochemical. A dry cell produees electricity from chemical reactions. An automobile storage battery stores electrieal energy as chemical energy, and reverses the process when it is discharged. An electrochemical process called... 

Group 4A also contains the metalloids silicon and germanium and the metals tin and lead. Silicon, the second most abundant element in Earth s crust, is most often combined with oxygen in silica, which is found in quartz, sand, and glass. Alloys of tin such as bronze are mainly used for decorative items. Lead was one of the first metals obtained from its ore and had many uses until it was determined to be toxic. The major current use of lead is in automobile storage batteries. 

Both C, carbon, and Pb, lead, are in group 4A and have foixr valence electrons. Carbon is a nonmetal. In its graphite form, it is used in pencils. Lead is a toxic metal used in automobile storage batteries. 

The rechargeable 12-V lead storage battery used in automobiles consists of six voltaic cells of the type shown in Figure 18.12. A group of lead plates, the grids of which are filled... 

To recharge a lead storage battery, a direct current is passed through it in the proper direction so as to reverse the above reaction. In an automobile, the energy required to carry out the recharging comes from the engine. 

The electrical current needed to start an automobile engine is provided by a lead storage battery. This battery contains aqueous sulfuric acid in contact with two electrodes. One electrode is metallic lead, and the other is solid Pb02. Each electrode becomes coated with solid PbSOq as the battery operates. Determine the balanced half-reactions, the overall redox reaction, and the anode and cathode in this galvanic cell. 

The lead storage battery provides electrical power in automobiles. It is well suited for this use because it supplies the large current needed to drive starter motors and headlights and can be recharged easily. Figure 19-20 shows the lead storage cell in a schematic view. The half-reactions are the subject of Example ... 

C19-0090. Explain why the lead storage battery, despite being the battery of choice for automobiles, is not suitable for space flights. 

An automobile battery is a type called a lead-acid storage battery. Lead-acid storage batteries rely on the chemical reaction between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid to operate. In a... 

The lead storage cell (six of which make up the lead storage battery commonly used in automobiles) will be discussed as an example of a practical cell. The cell, pictured in Fig. 14-2, consists of a lead electrode and a lead dioxide electrode immersed in relatively concentrated H2S04 in a single container. When the cell delivers power (when it is used), the electrodes react as follows ... 

Lead is commonly obtained by roasting galena (PbS) with carbon in an oxygen-rich environment to convert sulfide ores to oxides and by then reducing the oxide to metallic lead. Sulfur dioxide gas is produced as a waste product. Large amounts of lead are also recovered by recycling lead products, such as automobile lead-acid electric storage batteries. About one-third of all lead used in the United States has been recycled. 

Lead has many uses and is an important commercial commodity. One of the most common uses is in the acid-lead electrical storage batteries used in automobiles. Much of the lead in these devices can be recycled and used again. 

Uses. Storage batteries paint ink ceramics automobile radiator repair ammunition... 

Polypropylenes are available as molding powder, extruded sheet, cast film, textile staple, and continuous-filament yarn. They find use in packaging film molded parts for automobiles, appliances, and housewares wire and cable coating food container closures bottles, printing plates carpet and upholstery fibers storage battery cases crates for soft-drink bottles laboratory ware trays fish nets surgical casts and a variety of other applications. 

FIGURE 18.8 A lead storage battery and a cutaway view of one cell. Each electrode consists of several grids with a large surface area so that the battery can deliver the high currents required to start an automobile engine. The electrolyte is aqueous sulfuric acid. 

Because the reaction product (solid PbS04) adheres to the surface of the electrodes, a "run-down" lead storage battery can be recharged by using an external source of direct current to drive the cell reaction in the reverse, nonspontaneous direction. In an automobile, the battery is continuously recharged by a device called an alternator, which is driven by the engine. 

The lead storage cell, six of which constitute the lead storage battery, is familiar for its use in most automobiles. It will be described in some detail because it has several features that are different from those of the Daniell cell, described earlier. The lead storage cell (Figure 17.2) consists of a lead electrode coated with a paste of lead(II) sulfate and another electrode which has lead(IV) oxide as the active oxidizing agent, also coated with lead(II) sulfate. The electrolyte is concentrated sulfuric acid, in which PbS04 is insoluble. Both electrodes are situated in the same solution. The half-reactions are... 

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