Automatic assembly

Figure 31. Automatic assembly to keep a constant luminosity.

Industrial analysis of hydrocarbon gases 25 years ago was limited almost to Orsat-type absorptions and combustion, resulting in crude approximations and inadequate qualitative information. The more precise method of Shepherd (56) was available but too tedious for frequent use. A great aid to the commercial development of hydrocarbon gas processes of separation and synthesis was the development and commercialization of high efficiency analytical gas distillation units by Podbielniak (50). In these the gaseous sample is liquefied by refrigeration, distilled through an efficient vertical packed column, the distillation fractions collected as gas and determined manometrically at constant volume. The operation was performed initially in manually operated units, more recently in substantially automatic assemblies. 

X-ray graphical investigations were performed on an automatic assembly including a diffractometer DRON-UM-1 (Cu K -cmission) and the managing computer. The error of definition of interplanar spacing did not exceed 0.0005 nm. 

The circuit board components of some medical prototype devices may have to be reorganized in order to obtain a layout that will allow easy automatic assembly. Any changes must be noted in the Hardware Design Specification, and the new board must be checked against the prototype for functional equivalence. The FMEA report should be consulted to see if there are any critical components on the circuit board. If so, the manufacturer will have to make special arrangements to ensure that component traceabihty exists from supplier to circuit board to user. 

Figure 4.27a shows the automatic system developed by Dolan et al. [28] for the determination of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D and E) in pharmaceutical tablets. It consists of an SFA extraction module located prior to an HPLC system with a UV detector (254 nm). The main elements of this automatic assembly are ... 

Flex-link systems also allow a different level of automation at each of the assembly stations. Depending on the respective assembly tasks, the automation level can be stipulated according to technical and economic factors. In addition, step-by-step automation of the assembly system is possible because individual manual assembly equipment can still be replaced by automatic assembly station later on. 

In principle, automatic assembly systems can be further classified into the following subcategories ... 

The subject of design for automatic assembly can be conveniently divided into three sections product design, design of subassemblies for ease of assembly, and design of parts for feeding and orienting. 

A few application areas of automatic assembly in the automotive industry (see Figures 35, 36, 37) are shown in the following examples. 

The quality and firmness of an adhesive depends on the conditions at the part surface. The wettability and surface roughness of the parts, as well as contamination (e.g., by oU), play a substantial role. To ensure quality of sticking, therefore, often a special surface treatment of the jointing parts is necessary. This represents an additional process step, which can be automated too. Typically, car windows are automatically assembled into the car body in this way. 

Automatic assembly systems, see Automated assembly systems... 

Automation is the cmiversion of a procedure, a process, or equipment to an automatic operation without intervention by a human operator (CIRP 2004). In the field of assembly, assembly automation describes the cmiversion of a manual assembly process to an assembly without a human operator, fii general, the term describes the process of increasing the number of assembly steps carried out by automatic assembly machines in a plant. 

Automatic assembly systems provide an assembly process without breaks and fatigue and a high efficiency for simple assembly tasks (Kriiger et al. 2009). 

Automatic assembly forces design for assembly of the product. The improved product design might result in savings higher than the saving due to the automation itself (Boothroyd 2(X)5). 

A sandwich or layer fashion assembly is advantageous for automatic assembly. 

Due to the high investment cost of automatic assembly, the following requirements need to be met for the economic implementation of automatic assembly ... 

Limitations to Assembly Automation Automatic assembly has the following technical limitations (Kruger et al. 2009) ... 

Usually the flexibility of automatic assembly systems, e.g., robots, is limited due to the high programming effort. 

Automated Assembly Line Assembly systems for the automatic assembly of items using some form of programmable control system (CIRP 2004). 

One of the exceptions to shape based engineering objects is an electronic system where active and passive circuit elements are connected by routes but not in a dimensioned space. However, this model of an electronic system is completed with shape models of printed circuit board arrangements and programming of automatic assembly and inspection equipment. At automatic assembly, circuit elements R31, R33, and C33 should be positioned relative to the printed circuit board (Figure 1-4). At automatic inspection, a camera image of the ready assembled printed circuit board is compared with a master image to reveal parts omitted during assembly. 

In an automatic assembly, the control of a system is usually coimected to the control of the working environment. An uncontrolled situation is any situation where any object or subject is not completely defined from the aspects of position, orientation, action, and/or process. Every enviromnent is naturally unstructured, which can be revealed if it is observed under a fine enough scale. In other words, it is not possible to completely determine any environment, no matter how tight the applied... 

Mode of assembly, jigs, pressure during and after assembly Manual Cl or automatic assembly Cl speed of assembly ... 

For the production of smart textiles, a consistently and closely interlocked value chain must be built up. This value chain allows one to adjust and hand over process parameter flexibly. Manufacturing and joining technology should be organized as a direct or joined process in order to achieve a reasonable and cost-efficient solution. Tool handling, cutting, feeding and removal of the textile for automatic assembly must be solved. 

Automatic assembly processes will not only add to the scope for telecommunications equipment but will also make their own special demand on plastics, including heat and solvent resistances. 

Usually an outside-negative (n + 1 negative plates interspersed with 2n separators and n positive plates) design is used. However, in order to balance the cranking rating with the requirement or electrical load, as weU as to facilitate automatic assembly, SLI batteries with an even number of plates, or outside-positive designs, are widely produced in the United States. 

Manufricturers Comments 100% solids, solvent-free. Footwear Manufocturers Comments Automatic assembly of footwear. Low ... 

Shpitalni, M., Elber, G., and Lenz, E. Automatic Assembly of Three-Dimensional Structures via Connectivity Graphs CIRP Annals, Vol.38 1989, pp.25-28... 

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