Austrian Empire

Chemical industries in the Habsburg monarchy in most cases were developed in connection with mining, brewing and metallurgical engineering. Many parts of Central Europe, which are today the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of Poland, Romania or Ukraine, were in the nineteenth century parts of the Austrian Empire. After 1848, and particularly in the Dual Monarchy after 1867, Hungary succeeded to develop independently. 

Before dealing with the discovery of calixarenes, some remarks should be made on the circumstances under which these investigations took place. The time between the two World Wars was a very hard one for Austria (which means the part that remained from the Austrian Empire). This was especially trae for the universities and was felt most in experimental disciplines. From 1917 to 1943 Anton Skrabal... 

Occasionally, some of the topics or puzzles in this book will seem simple or frivolous, including dropping pennies from the Empire State Building or wondering if Jesus could calculate 43 x 31. However, these are questions that fans have often posed to me, and I love some of these quirkies the best. I agree with the Austrian physicist Paul Ehrenfest who said Ask questions. Don t be afraid to appear stupid. The stupid questions are usually the best and hardest to answer. They force the speaker to think about the basic problem. ... 

In German history, censorship unfortunately has been more of a rule than an exception. It was introduced by the Catholic Church in the form of the Inquisition. However, it was left to the well-known Austrian statesman Mettemich to perfect the system of suppressing freedom of speech by means of a comprehensive spy and surveillance apparatus. Neither the German Empire nor the Weimar Republic were particularly soft in their dealings with unwelcome literature,1 but the worst reputation was doubtless acquired by the Third Reich, which managed, within the twelve years of its existence, to black-list some 10,000 books. While these books were not burned, they did disappear from the shelves of bookstores, to be banished to library archives.2... 

The German and Austrian schools of empirical household surveys of farm operations were very influential at the turn of the century. The great Russian economist in this tradition was A. V. Chayanov. A careful scholar, a partisan of small property (he wrote a utopian novel of his own), and a Soviet official, he was arrested by the Stalinist police in 1932 and is believed to have been executed in 1936. Pyotr Maslov was another contemporary Russian exponent of small-farm efficiency and intensification who disputed Lenin s position. 

In Austria and Hungary there are apparently no organized centers, but the University of Vienna Library and the Austrian National Library (The author is indebted to discussion from the floor for this information.) are good sources of information for those countries and for the universities in the area of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

Kratochvil, R., Kaltenecker., M. and Freyer, B. (2004) The ability of organic farming to nourish the Austrian people an empirical study in the region Mostviertel-Eisenwurzen (A). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 19, 47-56. 

Ernst Mach (1838-1916), the Austrian physicist and philosopher, was well known for his progressive views on scientific research. He was a true scientist in the sense that he did not accept the views and theories of science unless it was subjected to rigorous empirical verification. His review works on thermometry before and after Newton had great impact on modern science. Mach advanced the concept... 

A SOCIOLOGICAL-EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AUSTRIAN IT SECTOR IN THE FIELDS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY... 

Marita Haas is Senior Researcher in the field of Social and Economic Science, currently engaged wifli die Vienna University of Technology. Her empirical approach focuses on qualitative methods such as biographical research and narrative interviews. In 2012 she received the Austrian Herta Fimberg Post-Doc Grant for further research on female biographies in different professional settings. 

The origins of Austrian and German modernist culture lie in the traditionally hierarchical, superficially stable pre-First World War society of the Habsburg and Wilhelmine Empires with their semi-autocratic political systems, within which however were fermenting the social divisions and conflicts described by Lynn Abrams in chapter 2. While admittedly some of... 

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