Habsburg Monarchy

Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700 an interpretation (Oxford Clarendon Press, 346-449. 

A USTRIA Austrian Chemical Societies in the Last Decades of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1869-1914... 

Chemical industries in the Habsburg monarchy in most cases were developed in connection with mining, brewing and metallurgical engineering. Many parts of Central Europe, which are today the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of Poland, Romania or Ukraine, were in the nineteenth century parts of the Austrian Empire. After 1848, and particularly in the Dual Monarchy after 1867, Hungary succeeded to develop independently. 

The association was supposed to represent the interests of persons with academic training in the field of chemistry. The total number of these persons in the Habsburg monarchy is not exactly known, but it may have been 1000 to 2000 when the VOCH was founded. 

About 2% of all employees of the Habsburg monarchy (about 3.3 million in 1902) were employed by the chemical industry (not including the food industry). The chemical companies amounted to about 1% of all industrial enterprises of the monarchy. Most of them were small (84% of the chemical firms employed between one and five persons). The numbers of chemical factories with more than 20 employees were 752 in 1901 and 967 in 1911. Table 1.1 shows those branches of the chemical industry that employed the highest numbers of people. 

Kernbauer, A. (1997), Chemical Education in the Habsburg Monarchy s Universities and Technical Colleges around 1861, in W. Fleischhacker and T. Schonfeld ed.. Pioneering Ideas for the Physical and Chemical Sciences, Plenum Press, New York London, 289 296. 

The personality of Bohuslav Brauner (1855-1935) embodies the multiethnic and multicultural environment of the Habsburg Monarchy. He was predestined by his outstanding chemical education, parentage, social status, and prominent position of his family in the Czech society, to assume significant position among the Czech and European chemists. Some moments in his biography are a key to understanding his role in the acceptance of the periodic system. ... 

Education, Educational System and Science of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1867-1918, vol. 11 of Prdce z dejin vedy (Praha VCDV, 2003), and Mitchell G. Ash and Jan Surman, ed.. The Nationalization of Scientific Knowledge in the Habsburg Empire (1848-1918), (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 

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