Mach, Ernst

Mach, Ernst. Popular Scientific Lectures. Translated by Thomas J. 

McCormack. The Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago. 1898. Mach, Ernst. The Science of Mechanics. The Open Court Publishing Company, La Salle. 1942. 

Mach, Ernst. Knowledge and Error. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht. 1976. 

Mach Ernst (1987) Popular-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen. Wien, Boehlau Verlag. 

Lulla, Lullius Raimundus (1235-1315) physician and alchemist, devised what he considered an infallible method of proving faith and reason, invented mechanical device ( ars magna ) which combined subjects predicated of propositions thus producing valid conclusions Mach Ernst (1838 1916) Aust. phil. and phys., known for his discussion of Newton s Principia and critique of conceptual monstrosity of an absolute space ( The Science of Mechanics 1883) Maciejewski Marek( 9AQ-) Pol. chem., inventor of pulse (hyphenated) methods of thermal analysis, expert in heterogeneous kinetics... 

Mach Number, (abbr as M). The ratio of the vel of a body to that of sound in the medium being considered. Thus, at sea level, in air at the US Standard Atm, a body moving at a mach number of one (M=l) would have a vel of 1116.2ft/sec the speed of sound in air under these conditions. Term frequently shortened to mach or Mach, Named for Ernst Mach, 1838—1916, Austrian physicist... 

Atoms Humbug Rarely does a major new eoneept receive unanimous acceptance. Despite the atomie theory s impact, several major seientists denied the existence of atoms for another eentury. In 1877, Adolf Kolbe, an eminent organic chemisf said [Dalton s atoms are]. .. no more than stupid hallucinations. .. mere table-tapping and supernatural explanations. The influential physicist Ernst Mach believed that scientists should look at facts, not hypothetical entities such as atoms. It was not until 1908 that the famous chemist and outspoken opponent of atomism Wilhelm Ostwald wrote, I am now convinced [by recent] experimental evidence of the discrete or grained nature of matter, which the atomic hypothesis sought in vain for hundreds and thousands of years. (p.45)... 

However, the theory was too useful to ignore. Even skeptical chemists used it because they realized that it was needed if they were to do quantitative chemistry. Many provisionally accepted the idea that matter behaved as if it were composed of atoms. Some prominent scientists, such as the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald and the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, continued to adhere to this view into the twentieth century. 

Perhaps the main conclusion to be drawn from this critique is that we have been prematurely and overly judgmental toward modes of experience differing markedly from our own. We would do well to adopt the attitude expressed by the physicist-philosopher-psychologist Ernst Mach before science and humanism became hopelessly split ... 

Ludwig Mach (1868- ), son of Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (1838-1918). 

The Mach number is used in fluid mechanics and is especially useful in studies involving supersonic aerodynamics. It is named after Ernst Mach (1838-1916), the Austrian physicist and philosopher who pioneered the study of supersonic projectiles. The Mach number is the ratio of the velocity of a fluid to the velocity of sotmd in that same fluid. In the case of a body moving through a fluid, the Mach number is the velocity of the body relative to the fluid divided by the velocity of sound in the fluid. The velocity of sound varies with temperature and also varies from one fluid to another. At sea level, for example, the velocity of sound in air at 59°F (15°C) is about 760 MPH (1,223 km/h). At an elevation of 40,000 ft (12,200 m), however, the temperature is about -70°F (-57°C), and the velocity of sound in air is only 660 MPH (1,062 km/h). Thus, an airplane flying at 760 MPH at sea level would have a Mach number of 1.0, while at an elevation of 40,000 ft it would have a higher Mach number of almost 1.2. 

R.S. Cohen and R. J. Seeger (eds.) Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher. [Synthese Library... 

J. Blackmore (ed.) Ernst Mach-A Deeper Look. Documents and New Perspectives. 1992... 

J. Blackmore, R. Itagaki and S. Tanaka (eds.) Ernst Mach s Vienna 1895-1930. Or Phenomenalism as Philosophy of Science. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7122-4... 

The nuclear atom is the picture of the atom as a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Although the idea of atoms in speculative philosophy goes back to at least the time of Democrims, the atom as the basis of a scientifically credible theory emerges only in nineteenth century, with the rationalization by Dalton in 1808 of the law of definite proportions. Nevertheless, atoms were regarded by many scientists of the positivist school of Ernst Mach as being at best a convenient hypothesis, despite the success of the atomistic MaxweU-Boltzmaim kinetic theory of gases and it was not until 1908, when Perrin s experiments confirmed Einstein s atomistic analysis of... 

Chemistry textbooks inform us that John Dalton formulated Atomic Theory in 1803 and imply that atoms were accepted from then on. Actually, such acceptance was far from universal and late-nineteenth-century books such as Brodie s The Calculus of Chemical Operations (London, 1866,1877) and Hunt s A New Basis for Chemistry A Chemical Philosophy (Boston, 1887), although antiatomic In nature, were not written by cranks or nutters. The eminent physicist Ernst Mach and the famous chemist Wilhelm Ostwald resisted the reality of atoms Into the beginning of the twentieth century. Jacob Bronowski strongly implies that the suicide in 1906 of Ludwig Boltzmann, who successfully explained heat as atomic and molecular motion, stemmed in part from his failure to totally convince the scientific community that atoms are real. ... 

But, as shown previously, RkT IM is the square of the speed of sound at state 1, or Cl, so the left side is (1/,/c,). The ratio V/c is called the Mach number M in honor of the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach. This ratio plays a crucial role in the study of high-velocity gas flows (and is widely reported in the press describing the speed of supersonic aircraft). It is the ratio of the local flow velocity to the local speed of sound. For subsonic flows M is less than 1 for sonic flows it equals 1 for supersonic flows it is greater than 1. Making this definition, we can rearrange Eq. 8.15 to... 

Clarke F. W. (1908) Data of Geochemistry. Government Printing Office, Washington, 716 p. Cohen R. S. (1970) Ernst Mach Physics, Perception and the Philosophy of Science. In R. Cohen R. Seeger (eds.) Ernst Mach Physicist and Philosopher. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, pp. 126-165. 

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