Alkaloids atropine

Tioti-opium bromide (54 Spiriva ) Atropine Alkaloid Semi-synthetic NP Plant Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Inhibits M3 muscarinic receptors 475 78... 

Atropine Alkaloid Pupil dilator Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)... 

Solanum tuberosum L. Vitamins A, B1 B2, C, and K, minerals, atropine alkaloids.99 Potato juice treats peptic ulcers, relieve pain and acidity. 

Until recently, anatoxin-a was the only naturally occmring alkaloid possessing the 9-azabicy-clo[4.2.1]nonane ring skeleton, in contrast with the many examples of the similar 8-azabicy-clo[3.2.1]octane ring systems found in the diverse and widely distributed atropine alkaloids (i.e., ferruginine and cocaine). As a result of the combination of its biological potency and its rare structure,... 

The terms mandrake and mayapple are used synonymously in the United States, being the plant species Podophyllum peltatum [of the plant family Podophyllaceae], which contains the toxic agent podophyUotoxin, which apparently has an anticancer or cancerostatic action [Hoffman, 1999, p. 81]. However, in Europe the mandrake is the species Mandragora officinarum of the family Solanaceae and contains belladonna-type alkaloids, namely, tropane or atropine alkaloids that include scopolamine and hyoscyamine. These are noted to have an anticancer action [Hoffman, 1991, p. 144]). 

Aluminum hydroxide is constipating but is not related chemically to meperidine magnesium hydroxide is a strong laxative. The two antidiarrheal drugs that are structurally related to opioids are diphenoxylate and loperamide. Loperamide is available over-the-counter diphenoxylate is mixed with atropine alkaloids, and the product (Lomotil, others) requires a prescription. The answer is (C). 

Allport examined the deterioration of atropine eye ointments on storage and concluded that those made with atropine sulphate maintain their strength fairly well, but when atropine alkaloid itself is used deterioration is more rapid, particularly when the ointment is stored in glycero-gelatin capsules. 

At this writing anticholinergic agents are not widely used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma, although compounds such as atropine [51 -55-8] C17H23NO3, (18) have been used for centuries (111). Inhalation of the smoke produced by burning herbal mixtures, such as Datura Stramonium provided bronchodilation and rehef from some of the symptoms of asthma. The major active component in these preparations was atropine or other closely related alkaloids (qv). 

Datura arborea. Leaves, 0-44 seeds, 0-23 hyoscine with some hyoscyamine in young stems and roots (Kircher Roots, 0-16 leaves, 0-15 flowers or seeds, 0-12 alkaloid described as datu ine (Montesinos which should be atropine. 

Hyoscyamine, Ci,H2303N. This, the most commonly occurring alkaloid of the oup, was obtained by Geiger and Hesse from henbane. Ks hydrolysis into a base and an acid was observed by Hohn and Reichardt. The accepted, empirical formula is due to Ladenburg, who s owed that it was a physical isomeride of atropine. Hyoscyamine... 

When heated with acids or alkalis, hyoscyamine undergoes hydrolysis into tropine and dZ-tropic acid probably via conversion into atropine, and it is this alkaloid which is hydrolysed. According to Gadamer, when hyoscyamine is hydrolysed with cold water the products are inactive tropine and Z-tropie acid. Amenomiya has shown that Ladenburg and Hundt s partially synthetic d- and Z-atropines were probably mixtures of atropine with d- and Z-hyoscyamines. He resolved dZ-tropic acid into the d- and Z- forms, esterified these with tropine in 5 per cent, hydrochloric acid, and so obtained d- and Z-hyoscyamines, the latter identical with the natural alkaloid, d- and Z-Hyoscyamines have also been obtained by Barroweliff and Tutin by the resolution of atropine by means of d-camphorsulphonic acid. 

The importance of tropinone as a possible starting-point for the production of the therapeutically valuable alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, cocaine, tropacocaine and the artificial tropeines (p. 73) led Robinson to consider the possibility of preparing this substance by a simple method. Starting with the idea that the formula for tropinone (XXX) may be regarded as made up of the formulae of the residues of succindialdehyde (XXVII), methylamine (XXV III) and acetone (XXIX), he found that a mixture of these substances in water, when allowed to stand for thirty minutes produced tropinone, which could be detected by means of its characteristic dipiperonylidene derivative (bright yellow needles, m.p. 214°). 

The alkaloid is principally used in medicine to cause dilatation of the pupil of the eye (mydriasis), due to paralysis of the circular muscle of the ns. The accommodation is also paralysed as a result of action on the ciliary muscle (cycloplegia). Atropine is also used in conditions where... 

Hyoscyamine. The natural alkaloid, 1-hyoscyamine and its d-isomeride resemble atropine (dl-hyoscyamine) qualitatively in action, but the 1-form acts more strongly on the peripheral nerves than the d- or dl-forms, though the isomerides appear to have an equal central action. 

A comparison of the activities of these three alkaloids lias been made by Graliam and Gunn using their antagonism to the effects of carbamjd-choline chloride on isolated mammalian intestine. The relative activities found were, atropine sulphate 1 I-hyoscyamine sulphate 2-4 hyoscine hydro bromide 1-5. The results of previous authors are discussed and reasons suggested for some of the differences found. 

These investigations have followed three main lines, (1) alterations in the amino-alcohol nucleus, (2) variation in the alkyl or acyl side-chains, (3) influence of stereoisomerism. Tropine and ecgonine, the basic components of atropine and cocaine, lend themselves to such investigations, but scopine, the amino-alcohol of hyoscine is so labile that systematic modification of this alkaloid has not yet been possible. 

Burn has pointed out that the grouping together of many properties as fundamentally the same, brings into some sort of order the long list of apparently pharmacologically unrelated alkaloids, and that the similarity in many properties of atropine, papaverine and quinine, and of conessine and quinine, suggests points of biochemical similarity. 

Alkaloids are heterocyclic basic compounds and widespread in plants. Many of them have specific targets in organisms. For example, the alkaloids atropine and scopolamine of Belladonna are specific antagonists at muscarinic receptors. 

Bellacane Elixir—atropine, scopolamine HBr, hyoseyamine HBr or sulfate, phenobarbital, alcohol, tartrazine Bellacane SR Tablets—1-alkaloids of belladonna, phenobarbital, ergotamine tartrate Bellergal-S Tablets—1-alkaloids of belladonna, phenobarbital, ergotamine tartrate Butibel Elixir—belladonna extract, butabarbital sodium, alcohol, sucrose, saccharin Butibel Tablets—belladonna extract, butabarbitol Chardonna-2 Tablets—belladonna extract, phenobarbital Donnatal Elixir—atropine, scopolamine HBr, hyoseyamine HBr or sulfate, phenobarbital, alcohol, sucrose, saccharin... 

Alkaloids range from the belladonna alkaloids, such as atropine and scopalomine—which are used as poisons, cold remedies, and truth serums —to dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant (anti-tussive). But the most widely known alkaloids are the opiates, such as morphine, heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, and methadone. These act on... 

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