Atomic structure, elementary

G. K. Woodgate, Elementary Atomic Structure, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, 1970. 

Perhaps one of the important conclusions of these studies that points to the unique chemistry of surface irregularities, steps, and kinks, which appear to be active sites, is the controlling influence of the local atomic structure, local surface composition, and local bonding between adsorbates and surface sites. The microstructure of the metal surface controls bond scission and thus the rate and path of chemical reactions. Calculations taking into account this local bonding picture should help to unravel the elementary bond-breaking steps in catalytic surface reactions. 

A basic understanding of the quantum theory is essential in many areas of chemistry, especially in connection with spectroscopy and with theories of atomic and molecular structure. The present book gives an introduction to the theory, and its application to elementary atomic structure, but chemical bonding is not discussed. I have tried to put the essential ideas in their historical context, but without retaining the historical introduction which has been traditional with this topic. With the crucial and difficult concepts of wave-particle duality, it seemed to me more important to give modem illustrations to show that they have current applications in chemistry. 

ATOMIC PHYSICS (8th edition). Max Born. Nobel laureate s lucid treatment of kinetic theory of gases, elementary particles, nuclear atom, wave-corpuscles, atomic structure and spectral lines, much more. Over 40 appendices, bibliography. 495pp. 5X x 8X. 65984-4 Pa. 11.95... 

We will see in due course that there are important correlation rules between atomic term symbols and molecular electronic states, rules that are important in understanding both the formation and dissociation of diatomic molecules. Elementary accounts of the theory of atomic structure are to be found in books by Softley [3] and Richards and Scott [4], Among the more comprehensive descriptions of the quantum mechanical aspects, that by Pauling and Wilson [5] remains as good as any whilst group theoretical aspects are described by Judd [6],... 

The modern theory of the electronic structure of the atom is based on experimental observations of the interaction of electricity with matter, studies of electron beams (cathode rays), studies of radioactivity, studies of the distribution of the energy emitted by hot solids, and smdies of the wavelengths of light emitted by incandescent gases. A complete discussion of the experimental evidence for the modern theory of atomic structure is beyond the scope of this book. In this chapter only the results of the theoretical treatment will be described. These results will have to be memorized as rules of the game, but they will be used so extensively throughout the general chemistry course that the notation used will soon become familiar. In the rest of this course, the elementary theory presented in Chap. 3 will suffice. You should study only those parts of this chapter that are covered in your course. 

Small metal clusters have received considerable attention because of their possible involvement as "active sites" in a variety of catalyzed reactions. Although not particularly noted for their catalytic activity, alkali clusters have a simple chemical composition and may, therefore, model the more complicated systems in a manner analogous to the role played by the hydrogen atom in atomic structure. Less emphasized is the fundamental nature of alkali clusters per se. Since the ground state of Hj is not chemically bound, alkali trimers are the most elementary species which can exhibit a Jahn-Teller interaction. 

Winter, Mark J., and John E. Andrew. Foundations of Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2000. This book presents an elementary introduction to atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, oxidation and reduction, and the chemistry of the elements in the s, p, and d blocks in addition, there is a separate chapter devoted just to the chemical and physical properties of hydrogen. 

Talc is hydrated magnesium silicate, a nonmetallic mineral, white-colored, chemically inert. Unlike many other minerals, its particles have a distinct platy shape. It has a natural affinity to oil and, therefore, serves as a good filler for hydrophobic plastics, such as polyethylenes and polypropylene. Platy particles of talc are structurally not uniform they have a layered composition, in which a brucite (magnesium-based, tetrahedron-cell atomic structure) sheet is sandwiched between two silica (octahedron-cell atomic structure) sheets. The elementary sheet is of ik (0.7 nm) thick. 

It is, therefore, with a clear conscience that I authorise the English translation. It does not seem superfluous to remark that this book is not elementary, but supposes the reader to have some knowledge of the experimental facts and their explanation. There exist excellent books from which such knowledge can easily be acquired. In Germany Sommerfeld s Atombau und Spektrallinien is much used an English translation has appeared under the title Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines. I should like also to direct attention to Andrade s book, The Structure of the Atom, in which not only the theories but also the experimental methods are explained. 

In order to accommodate new material, several changes have been made. The first four chapters have been modified so as to eliminate the more elementary aspects of atomic structure and give more coverage of symmetry and molecular structure. Various rearrangements of chapters and of material within sections have been made. One new chapter, on selected aspects of homogeneous catalysis by transition metal organometallic compounds has been added while some information on the biochemistry of iron, copper, cobalt, zinc and molybdenum is now provided. 

Atkins, P. W., and J. A. Beran, General Chemistry, 2d ed. (New York Scientific American Books, 1992). This volume introduces the principal concepts described in this book at an elementary level, including modern atomic structure and examples of periodic chemical character. 

All surface reactions involve a sequence of elementary steps that begins with the collision of the incident atoms or molecules with the surface. As the gas species approaches the surface it experiences an attractive potential whose range depends upon the electronic and atomic structures of the gas and surface atoms. A certain fraction of the incident gas molecules is trapped in this attractive potential well with a sticking probability given by the following ... 

Statistical mechanical Monte Carlo as well as classical molecular dynamic methods can be used to simulate structure, sorption, and, in some cases, even diffusion in heterogeneous systems. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation is characteristically different in that the simulations follow elementary kinetic surface processes which include adsorption, desorption, surface diffusion, and reactivity . The elementary rate constants for each of the elementary steps can be calculated from ab initio methods. Simulations then proceed event by event. The surface structure as well as the time are updated after each event. As such, the simulations map out the temporal changes in the atomic structure that occur over time or with respect to processing conditions. 

Knowledge of electronics has become so essential that atomic structure and basic electronic principles, for example, have been incorporated into the elementary school curriculum. Courses of study in basic electronics in the secondary school curriculum are geared to provide a more detailed and practicable knowledge to students. 

Development of the Periodic System Features of the Modern Periodic Table Atomic Structure and Elementary Periodicity Tabular Trends... 

Figure A. 11a shows a schematic image of the atomic structure of graphite plane - graphene, and shows how from it can be obtained the nanotube. The nanotube is fold up with the vector connecting two atoms on a graphite sheet. The cylinder is obtained by folding this sheet so that were combined the beginning and end of the vector. That is, to obtain a carbon nanotube from a graphene sheet, it should turn so that the lattice vector R has a circumference of the nanotube in Fig. A. 11b. This vector can be expressed in terms of the basis vectors of the elementary cell gra-...

B. W. Shore, D.H. Menzel Principles of Atomic Spectra (Wiley, New York 1968) G.K. Woodgate Elementary Atomic Structure (Clarendon, Oxford 1980)... 

G.K. Woodgate Elementary Atomic Structure (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1998)... 

The Thomas-Fermi (TF)[15] and Hartree-Fock (HF) schemes model atomic structure empirically, by assuming spectroscopically determined electron configurations. On the other hand, the correct form of the periodic table emerges from elementary number theory, which suggests an alternative interpretation of the Bohr radii. 

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