An Alternate Interpretation

An alternative, though qualitative, explanation derives from the fact noted in Sect. 3.1 that for epoxy the average pore diameters vary between 2.7 and 5 A and assumes that, as in the case of polypropelene, actual diameters are distributed in some form about those averages. It follows that water molecules, with estimated diameters between 1.5 and 3 A, caimot occupy the entire free volume contained within epoxies, either because some micropores are too small or because some larger micropores are connected by microtubes that are too narrow for the passage of water molecules. Those assumptions lead to the hypothesis that a portion of the free volume remains inaccessible to water molecules (Weitsman 2009, Unpublished work). 

The other hypothesis is that the effect of an abrupt temperature drop of environmentally exposed polymeric material is equivalent to the application of a sudden external isotropic pressure. The latter hypothesis derives from the fact that both above factors induce isotropic compression, as correlated hy p = EaAT. 

While the applied pressure causes an overall shrinkage of the molecular epoxy structure, it also activates motion of the water molecules. Since the shapes and sizes of the water-occupied micropores vary statistically, as do the configurations of the overall polymeric framework and the microtube structures, the applied isotropic external stress could well translate into many inhomogeneous centers of pressure of disparate amplitudes acting on highly anisotropic neighborhoods on the microlevel. 

The localized centers of pressure would therefore squeeze water molecules along preferred directions into yet unoccupied and inaccessible portions of the free volume. 

Although some molecules could well be squeezed out of the polymer from regions adjacent to its outer boundary, this effect is likely to be confined to a boundary layer only. 

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An alternative interpretation, supported by evidence from relevant molecular compounds is that the distortions are the result of intercluster M-X interactions (see p. 1031)... 

An alternative interpretation for the activated behavior of the photocurrent and the PIA-decrease with temperature was proposed by Townsend et al. [35], They assigned their experimental results to a thermally activated interchuin-hoppmg mechanism for bipolaron-like charged soliton pairs, the experiments of which were carried out on Durham /ran.v-polyacetylene. 

On the other hand, the known facts point to an alternative interpretation. The stereochemical course of the reaction may be explained in terms of a polar [2s + 2s] cycloaddition15 which is observed in reactions between very electron-poor and very electron-rich alkcnes. Namely, polar [2 + 2] cycloadditions usually proceed with high regioselectivity ( head to head ) and stereoselectivity under mild conditions33 35. This mechanism is also supported by the fact that a closely related reaction (between an ynamine and iminium salts) passes through a cyclic 4-membered intermediate36, which is probably the result of a polar [2 + 2] cycloaddition (see refs 10 and 37). 

In spite of the modest asymmetric induction it was concluded that at least one of the chiral ligands is coordinated to the nickel in the catalyticaUy active species. An alternative interpretation was given by Wilke and coworkers [29]. They could show that (methylsalicyhdene)dimethylaluminum forms a stable adduct with nickel(O) complexes. It was concluded that the asymmetric induction in Pino s experiment might be attributed to a complex in which the chiral Hgand is complexed to the Lewis acidic aluminum. 

An alternative interpretation is that the carbonyl group rr-antibonding orbital, which acts as the LUMO in the reaction, has a greater density on the axial face.118 At the present time the importance of such orbital effects is not entirely clear. Most of the stereoselectivities that have been reported can be reconciled with torsional and steric effects being dominant.119... 

This last point suggests an alternative interpretation of the transport coefficient as the one corresponding to the correlation function evaluated at the point of maximum flux. The second entropy is maximized to find the optimum flux at each x. Since the maximum value of the second entropy is the first entropy sM(x), which is independent of x, one has no further variational principle to invoke based on the second entropy. However, one may assert that the optimal time interval is the one that maximizes the rate of production of the otherwise unconstrained first entropy, 5(x (x, x), x) = x (x,x) Xs(x), since the latter is a function of the optimized fluxes that depend on x. 

In the laboratory, the measured rate constant for the first-order reaction would have to equal the product rjk if this constant were expressed per unit area of catalyst. This relationship then gives us an alternative interpretation of the effectiveness factor in terms of our model... 

An inner-sphere mechanism can be offered as an alternative interpretation of the kinetics for NO reduction of aqueous Cu(dmp)2(H20)2+. 

The second main purpose of this book is to develop an alternative interpretation of the reproduction schema in which money plays a key role. Some degree of formalization is required here with respect to circulation of money, which takes on various often contradictory guises in Marx s work. As Foley (1973 viii) commented, Marx s writings on money remain in a pre-model stage. My objective is to develop a coherent model of how the circulation of money intertwines with the reproduction of commodities. 

J.P. Lorimer, T.J. Mason, and K Fiddy, The enhancement of chemical reactivity by power ultrasound - an alternative interpretation of the hot-spot. Ultrasonics, 1991, 29, 338-343. 

The 5 0 values for vein-forming fluids for the two areas sampled are assessed using the A 0 (quartz-H20) and inferred temperature of vein formation (350-400°C Fig. 1). The range of 5 Oh2o values Is +9 to +12%o for quartz deposition at 350-400°C. An alternative Interpretation Is that the variation In 5 Oquartz reflects deposition from a fluid of uniform 5 0, but over a temperature range of about 50°C, as constrained by 5 Oquartz values it is not possible to discriminate between these models. Regardless, the vein fluids had a... 

Domains may be regarded as the basic units for the structure, function and evolution of proteins, but the definition of a domain remains fuzzy. They are most often treated as compact or connected areas that are apparent from a visual inspection of protein models. To avoid subjectivity and ambiguities of visual inspection, computer algorithms have been developed to localize domains. Rashin offered an alternative interpretation domains are stable globular fragments, generated in biochemical experiments that refold autonomously and retain specific functions. He proposed a method for localiz-... 

In Section lU-B we showed that the chemical shift of methyl carbons in polypropylene can be calculated considering the relative position of the adjacent substituents, expressed in configurational terms (m or r, Oor 1). An alternative interpretation, with a better physical basis, takes into account only conformational aspects. Experimental evidence from hydrocarbon spectra has established that the presence of a gauche conformation between carbon atoms separated by three bonds causes an upfield shift(7 effect) (206). For flexible molecules the magnitude of this shift depends on the fraction of conformers having gauche interactions with the observed carbons (207). 

Cycloproparenes may be prepared by formation of one of the lateral cyclopropane o-bonds either via biradical closing, or via 1/3/elimination. The first reported synthesis of a benzocyclopropene derivative (see Section 1)" is an application of the former of these approaches. Upon irradiation, 3//-pyrazoles 70 loose Nj, and the intermediate biradical 71 cyclizes to 72. There is evidence that the intermediate biradical is in the triplet state, but an alternative interpretation in favor of an excited singlet state has also been presented. A variety of 1,1-disub-stituted benzocyclopropenes has been synthesized by the 3ff-indazole route, which is however limited. Cycloproparenes lacking substituents at Cl are not accessible in this way, because the required indazoles occur in the IH tautomeric form 73. 

Pi > Pij- The probability that orbital i is occupied is greater than or equal to the probability that orbital i and orbital are both occupied. An alternative interpretation, based on the number operators representation in Eq. (43), is that the probability that orbital is occupied and orbital j" is empty is greater than or equal to zero. 

Though the core expansion leads to the appropriate fit, it may not be the proper explanation for the scale factor discrepancy. Hansen et al. (1987) note that the expansion of the core would lead to a decrease of 7.5 eV in the kinetic energy of the core electrons, at variance with the HF band structure calculations of Dovesi et al. (1982), which show the decrease to be only about 1.5 eV. An alternative interpretation by von Barth and Pedroza (1985) is based on the condition of orthogonality of the core and valence wave functions. The orthogonality requirement introduces a core-like cusp in the s-like valence states, but not in the p-states. Because of the promotion of electrons from s - p in Be metal, the high-order form factor for the crystal must be lower than that for the free atom. It is this effect that can be mimicked by the apparent core expansion. 

Extensive analysis of the EPR and redox behavior of this unusual copper protein led to the hypothesis that the protein might contain a Cu(A) site similar to that in cytochrome oxidase (Riester et ai, 1989) and that the unusual seven-line EPR is due to the Cu(A)-type site. An alternative interpretation of this EPR is based on electron spin-echo spectroscopy as well, and that is that the seven-line EPR is due to a half-met Cu—Cu pair and to unusual type I sites (Jin et ai, 1989). Three sets of spin-echo peaks can be attributed to nitrogens on imidazole ligands to a CuA-type site and to another imidazole on the half-met site. The electron spin-echo spectra of cytochrome oxidase are similar, although there is not enough copper in cytochrome oxidase for a half-met site. Conceivably, the property of delocalization of the paramagnetic electron could be effected by the proposed bridging between Cub and heme as (nomenclature summarized by Capaldi, 1990), which are proposed to be 3-4 A apart. 

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