Cathode,rays

In the late 1960s, Langridge and co-workers developed methods, first at Princeton, then at UC San Francisco, to visualize 3D molecular models on the screens of cathode-ray tubes. At the same time Marshall, at Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA, started visuaHzing protein structures on graphics screens. 

Electrical. Glasses are used in the electrical and electronic industries as insulators, lamp envelopes, cathode ray tubes, and encapsulators and protectors for microcircuit components, etc. Besides their abiUty to seal to metals and other glasses and to hold a vacuum and resist chemical attack, their electrical properties can be tailored to meet a wide range of needs. Generally, a glass has a high electrical resistivity, a high resistance to dielectric breakdown, and a low power factor and dielectric loss. 

In colored cathode ray tubes (CRTs), such as those used in televisions and computer terminals, three electron gun beams are focused on three different sets of phosphor dots on the front face of the tube. The dots are produced by using a compHcated photoHthography process. The phosphor dots are produced by settling the three different phosphors, each of which emits one of the primary saturated colors, red, green, or blue. Each phosphor is deposited separately and the three dots in each set are closely spaced so that the three primary colors are not resolved at normal viewing distances. Instead the viewer has the impression that there is only one color, the color achieved when the three primary colors are added together. 

Phototypesetting represented an easier way to compose type. Eady phototypesetters used an optical process, whereby a disk of characters, ia different sizes and typefaces, was spun under computer control. Each character was projected ia turn onto photosensitive film or paper. This was followed by systems where characters drawn on a cathode ray tube (CRT) exposed the photosensitive material. In each case, the operator iateracted with the system at a video screen that only showed the characters of the text (the iaformation content) and codes that iadicated how the characters were to look on paper. An experienced operator was required to obtain high quaUty results. 

Monitors. Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors ate a key element of electronic prepress systems, providing an electronic canvas for the operator. They may also be used to judge general adequacy of color in a process called soft proofing. 

Uses. The main appHcation for strontium is in the form of strontium compounds. The carbonate, used in cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for color televisions and color computer monitors, is used both in the manufacturing of the glass envelope of the CRT and in the phosphors which give the color. 

Cerous bromide [14457-87-5] CeBr, and praseodymium bromide [13536-53-3] PrBr, are claimed to be suitable for a molten salt bath used for the reduction of uranium oxide by magnesium (16). PrBr is claimed to be alight filter in a cathode ray tube (17). 

Cobalt is used as a blue phosphor in cathode ray tubes for television, in the coloration of polymers and leather goods, and as a pigment for oil and watercolor paints. Organic cobalt compounds that are used as colorants usually contain the azo (51) or formazon (52) chromophores. 

Donor and acceptor levels are the active centers in most phosphors, as in zinc sulfide [1314-98-3] ZnS, containing an activator such as Cu and various co-activators. Phosphors are coated onto the inside of fluorescent lamps to convert the intense ultraviolet and blue from the mercury emissions into lower energy light to provide a color balance closer to daylight as in Figure 11. Phosphors can also be stimulated directly by electricity as in the Destriau effect in electroluminescent panels and by an electron beam as in the cathodoluminescence used in television and cathode ray display tubes and in (usually blue) vacuum-fluorescence alphanumeric displays. 

Liquid crystal display systems have been increasingly used in electro-optical devices such as digital watches, calculators, televisions, instmment panels, and displays of various kinds of electronic equipment, ie, lap-top computers and word processors. The dominant reason for thek success is thek extremely low power consumption. Furthermore, the Hquid crystal display systems have been remarkably improved in recent years, and today they have high resolution (more than 300,000 pixels) and full color capabiUty almost equivalent to those of a cathode ray tube. 

CRO Cathode ray oscillograph, to record voltages of a transient nature. For instance, re-striking voltages (TRVs), whose frequency of oscillations is beyond the response range of EMO. 

The value of the first peak of the test wave is specified in Table 26.4. During the test there should be no rupture or fiashover at any part of the unit, which should be verified by a cathode ray oscillograph. An oscillograph should also be used to record the voltage and check the wave shtipe. 

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