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Water vapour atmosphere

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas within the atmosphere. Water vapour is a greater contributor to the natural greenhouse effect (55-70% of the total radiative absorption compared to COj s 25%). However, the large inherent variability in atmospheric water vapour compared to the anthropogenically... [Pg.17]

Rouxel O, Galy A, Elderfield H (2006) Germanium isotope variations in igneous rocks and marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70 3387-3400 Rouxel O, Ono S, Alt J, Rumble D, Ludden J (2008) Sulfur isotope evidence for microbial sulfate reduction in altered oceanic basalts at ODP Site 801. Earth Planet Sd Lett 268 110-123 Rozanski K, Sonntag C (1982) Vertical distribution of deuterium in atmospheric water vapour. Tellus 34 135-141... [Pg.266]

The gases in the air are held in an envelope around the Earth by its gravity. The atmosphere is approximately 100 km thick (Figure 11.1), and about 75% of the mass of the atmosphere is found in the layer nearest the Earth called the troposphere (Figure 11.2). Beyond this layer, the atmosphere reaches into space but becomes extremely thin. Nearly all atmospheric water vapour (or moisture) is found in the troposphere, which also contains the liquid water in the oceans, rivers and lakes. [Pg.182]

We could face two limiting situations an inconveniently slow reaction [15] and a process that is too fast to monitor [ 16]. One may choose to run experiments at a higher temperature for reactions that are too slow at around the usual 298 K. In this case, a limitation is imposed by the boiling point and vapour pressure of the solvent which may lead to evaporation and, consequently, volume change (see above). On the other hand, it may be necessary to carry out studies at low temperatures if the reaction is too fast at 298 K. In this case, potential problems include solutions freezing and condensation of atmospheric water vapour on the reaction vessel and optical surfaces, which may affect spectrophotometric measurements. [Pg.61]

Rozanski K, Sonntag C (1982) Vertical distribution of deuterium in atmospheric water vapour. Tellus 34 135-... [Pg.88]

The equilibrium factor, EF(ratio of TU in plant to TU in atmospheric water vapour), is fiqiq 1 (equation (4.9)) and is usually less than unity. [Pg.162]

In 1979/1980, Sweet Murphy (1984) made a survey of tritium in pine needle litter in the Savannah River locality. Water and HTO were extracted by freeze-drying, and organically bound T was estimated following combustion of the dried needles. The HTO content of the atmospheric water vapour was also measured. Figure 4.5 shows Sweet Murphy s results converted from pCi per ml of water to TU. All three variables declined approximately in proportion to distance from the plant, as would be expected for long-term releases. By extrapolation, T in atmospheric water vapour would fall to background (about 13 TU -Fig. 4.2) at a distance of 100 km. [Pg.166]

Schoch-Fischer, H., Rozanski, K., Jacob, H.J., Sonntag, C., Jouzel, I., Ostlund, G., and Geyh, M.A. (1983) Hydrometeorological factors controlling the time variation of D, lsO and 3H in atmospheric water vapour and precipitation in the northern westwind belt. In Isotope Hydrology 1983, IAEA, Vienna, 3-30. [Pg.447]

Do not heat the solution to boiling. Only apply enough heat to prevent condensation of atmospheric water vapour. [Pg.124]

The rapid transport of water vapour in the atmosphere is driven by incoming solar radiation. Almost all the radiation that reaches the crust is used to evaporate liquid water to form atmospheric water vapour. The energy used in this transformation, which is then held in the vapour, is called latent heat. Most of the... [Pg.7]

The most important greenhouse gas at present is not carbon dioxide but water vapour, simply because there is so much of it in the atmosphere (Box 6.1). Volcanoes emit large amounts of water vapour (c. 1 Ttyr-1 Skelton et al. 2003), but even so this flux is minor compared to evaporation from the oceans and evapotranspiration from plants (c.0.25% see Fig. 3.12). In a warmer world, such as during the Cretaceous, the atmosphere can hold more water vapour. However, the extent of the warming caused by extra atmospheric water vapour is difficult to predict because clouds also exhibit an albedo effect, and the balance between the greenhouse and albedo effects varies with cloud type and altitude (Lovelock Whitfield 1982). [Pg.265]

Godson, W.L., The evaluation of infrared radiative fluxes due to atmosphere water vapour. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 79, 367, 1953. [Pg.253]

The basic mechanism of the removal of SO2 from the atmosphere is its oxidation to SO3. In the day-time, at a low relative humidity, the SO2 oxidation is prevalent in the presence of nitrogen oxides or possibly of intermediate products of the photooxidation of hydrocarbons. In the night and under conditions of high humidity, SOj is absorbed in water drops and the oxidation occurs in the liquid phase. SO3, produced during the oxidation in the gas phase reacts with the atmospheric water vapour, producing an aerosol of HjSO. The aerosol particles in the atmosphere gradually increase in size and after several days they are as large as 0.1 to... [Pg.476]

Devitrification of binder at the pore surfaces has been frequently reported for similar and first generation clay bonded hot gas filters after the use in real combustion conditions. In the current study similar devitrification was qualitatively found to increase as function of time and the amount of water vapour in water vapour environment. Further, oxidation of SiC occurred in both materials after 500 h exposure at 850°C atmospheric water vapour. The results of the current study are in accordance with the results of similar filters operated up to 1500 h in pilot plant in varying combustion environments. Our earlier evaluations of the filter material performance have indicated severe oxidation of SiC and this combined with the crystallization of the oxidation layer and cracking due to thermal stresses and mismatch due the phase transformation of Si02 has been pointed as a mechanism to degrade the strength and operation lifetime of SiC-based clay bonded hot gas filters, ... [Pg.159]

Reaction with carbon dioxide. In practice, quicklime reacts with carbon dioxide under ambient conditions. This is because commercially-produced quicklime always contains sufficient calcium hydroxide (produced by reaction with atmospheric water vapour in the cooling zone of the lime kiln) for carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the hydroxide (equation 13.1). That reaction releases water, which is available to react with more quicklime to produce more hydroxide etc, until the quicklime is fully converted into calcium carbonate (equation 13.2), see section 19.2. [Pg.121]

Calcium oxide has excellent refractory properties and many efforts have been made to commercialise its use (e.g., [32.48]). However, hydration by atmospheric water vapour has proved to be a major problem. Despite this, the nuclear industry is reported to use dead-burned calcium oxide crucibles, with an apparent density of 3.15 g/cm [32.4, 32.49]. [Pg.370]

Furashov, N. I. (1966). Far infrared absorption by atmospheric water vapour. Optics Spectrosc. 20, 234-7. [17]... [Pg.252]

Barth, M. C., S. Sillman, R. Hudman, M. Z. Jacobson, C.-H. Kim, A. Monod and J. Liang (2003) Summary of the cloud chemistry modeling intercomparison Photochemical box model simulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4214, doi 10.1029/2002JD002673. Bates, D. R. and M. Nicolet (1950) The photochemistry of the atmospheric water vapour. Journal of Geophysical Research 55, 301-327... [Pg.615]

A notable application of electrochromic cells is in car mirrors, which can be electrically dimmed so as to cut down dazzling reflections from bright lights. These do not use LT but instead rely upon the decomposition of atmospheric water vapour to... [Pg.291]

All commercial instruments record on a paper chart the percentage transmission or the absorbance against wave-number or wavelength. Doublebeam instruments provide a base-line free from atmospheric water vapour and carbon dioxide absorption, and enable compensation to be made for the solvent when recording solution spectra. [Pg.882]

Industrial stationary compressors are normally installed in separate rooms, drawing in air from the outside atmosphere, free of factory contaminants. When the level of dust concentration in the intake air is likely to be of the order of 10-50 mg/m, it is standard practice to fit the compressor with an intake filter (usually a panel filter or a paper cartridge type, depending on the size of the compressor), having an efficiency of 99.9% based on the dust concentration present in the ambient air. The air intake filter can, therefore, be expected to pass all particles smaller than 5 pm, as well as a proportion of larger ones, in addition to atmospheric water vapour. It will also pass all gases, vapours, odours, bacteria and viruses. [Pg.424]


See other pages where Water vapour atmosphere is mentioned: [Pg.15]    [Pg.24]    [Pg.171]    [Pg.15]    [Pg.11]    [Pg.158]    [Pg.271]    [Pg.260]    [Pg.129]    [Pg.280]    [Pg.454]    [Pg.120]    [Pg.345]    [Pg.151]    [Pg.174]    [Pg.343]    [Pg.326]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.63]    [Pg.55]    [Pg.194]    [Pg.196]    [Pg.1056]    [Pg.22]    [Pg.53]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.172 , Pg.173 ]




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