ASTRONOMY AND SPACE

Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, Box 515, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden... 

Department of Astronomy and Space Science and Astrophysical Research Center for the Structure and Evolution of the Cosmos, Sejong University, 140-747, Seoul, Korea... 

JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, senior program officer, served previously as director of the Space Studies Board (1999-2005), deputy assistant administrator for science in the Environmental Protection Agency s Office of Research and Development (1994-1998), associate director of space sciences at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (1993-1994), and assistant associate administrator for space sciences and applications in the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (1987-1993). Other positions have included deputy NASA chief scientist and senior policy analyst at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Mr. Alexander s own research work has been in radio astronomy and space physics. He received B.S. and M.A. degrees in physics from the College of William and Mary. 

The central problem of the maser is to obtain a suitable excess population in the upper state, thereby stimulating the emission of microwave radiation having a single wavelength and frequency. Such radiation is said to be coherent. In practice, masing action is accomplished in various ways. Good low noise amplifiers at microwave frequencies have been made using ruby masers. These amplifiers have found application in radio astronomy and space communication. 

Omer Degirmenci Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Yzmir, Turkey omerd astronomy.sci.ege.edu.tr... 

Astronomy and Space Physics, Physics Dept, Southampton University Southampton, S09 5NH, ENGLAND... 

Lundquist, C. A., ed. (1979). Skylab s Astronomy and Space Sciences, NASA SP-404, U.S. Natl. Aeronaut. Space Admin., Washington, DC. 

A strong collaboration between micro-optics and astronomy will certainly lead to reach the best scientific return for the lowest cost in next generation astronomical instrumentation for ground-based and space telescopes. 

Courtgs, G. 1982, in Instrumentation for Astronomy with Large Optical Telescope, Proc. lAU Colloq 67, Astrophysics and Space Science Library 92, pl23. ed. Humphries, C.M., Dordrecht, Reidel Dubbeldam, C.M., et al., 2000, SPIE 4008, 1181... 

We are now in a position to sketch a brief recent history of astronomy, concentrating on the mainly spectroscopic concerns and highlighting the very real dialectic that has sprung up between Earth- and space-based astronomy, between Europe and the rest of the world. 

UV, X-ray and gamma-ray observatories are all space-borne because these wavelengths are blocked by the Earth s atmosphere. And what could be more natural than to place eyes in orbits But who sent them up there and why Astrophysicists are no longer naive when it comes to the relationship between the tools of military surveillance and those of astronomy. And this is not a recent invention. Galileo himself offered his refracting telescope to the delighted dignitaries of the Venetian senate in order to draw attention to its military potential. His salary was immediately doubled and he was appointed professor at the University of Padua ... 

Lab. for Astronomy and Solar Physios, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center... 

This book will allow you to travel through time and space, and you needn t be an expert in astronomy or physics. To facilitate your journey, I start most chapters with a dialogue between two or three quirky explorers who study stars. Bob is chief curator of an intergalactic art museum, a teacher, and a star enthusiast. His able student is a scolex, a member of a race of creatures with strong diamond bodies. His personal scolex, Mr. Plex, will do whatever experiments Bob wishes.18... 

ROBERT L. RIEMER joined the staff of the National Research Council in 1985. He served as Senior Program Officer for the two most recent decadal surveys of astronomy and astrophysics and has worked on studies in many areas of physics and astronomy for the Board on Physics and Astronomy (where he served as associate director from 1988 to 2000) and the Space Studies Board. Prior to joining the NRC, Dr. Riemer was a senior project geophysicist with Chevron Corporation. He received his Ph.D. in experimental high-energy physics from the University of Kansas-Lawrence and his B.S. in physics and astrophysics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 

The following sections deal with II the physical conditions in interstellar space, III observations of interstellar molecules and their interpretation, including relevant laboratory measurements, and Section IV experimental and theoretical investigations of the processes of formation and destruction relevant to interstellar molecules. This review covers primarily the interstellar matter proper and refers only briefly to observations of molecules in circum-stellar shells, or molecule formation in protostellar nebulae. Table 1 sets out certain quantities which are used in astronomy and are necessary to an understanding of this paper. 

Fellow, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Colorado... 

These results opened the way to neutrino astronomy and also to the use of cosmic v to study fundamental particle physics in phase-space regions not accessible to accelerators based experiments. 

AMANDA has yet to observe an extraterrestrial neutrino source, but she has demonstrated the cost-effectiveness and robustness of the technique. The detector is very versatile it addresses many different neutrino physics subjects and sets the most stringent upper limits on Galactic and extragalactic neutrino fluxes. The improved search for diffuse fluxes, which has ruled out several predictions, along with the extended four-year search for point sources has started to constrain the enormous parameter space that exist in many models of neutrino production. The reported experimental limits on the diffuse neutrino flux are less than an order of magnitude above the Waxman-Bahcall bound ( Waxman and Bahcall, 1999). As more of the data on tape is analyzed, AMANDA sensitivities will continue to improve. This is a very exciting time in neutrino astronomy and we look forward to neutrino astrophysics with next generation of neutrino telescopes. 

S. Alan Stern was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on November 22,1957. He received his B.S. in physics (1978), M.S. in aerospace engineering (1980), B.A. in astronomy (1981), and M.A. in planetary atmospheres (1981) from the University of Texas, and a Ph.D. in astrophysics and planetary science in 1989 from the University of Colorado. His first professional assignment was as a summer intern at NASA s Johnson Space Center in 1979 and 1980. He then worked as a systems engineer at Martin Marietta Aerospace (1982-83) and spacecraft/instrument engineer at the University of Colorado s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (1983-86). In 1986, he was appointed assistant director in the Office of Space Science and Technology at the University of Colorado, after which he became assistant to the vice president for research at the university. 

Stern then became a research fellow at the Center for Space Geosciences Policy (1988-91) and research associate in the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (1989-90) at Colorado and research associate at the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (1990-91). In 1991, he joined the Southwest Research Institute, an independent, nonprofit applied research and development organization with headquarters in San Antonio, Texas. He has since served as principal scientist (1991-92), section manager (1992-97), and department director (1998- ) in the Institute s Space Science Department located in Boulder, Colorado. In 2002, Stern was appointed full professor adjunct in the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado. 

This dictionary is one of a series designed for use in schools. It is intended for students of chemistry, but we hope that it will also be helpful to other science students and to anyone interested in science. Facts On File also publishes dictionaries in a variety of disciplines, including biology, physics, mathematics, forensic science, weather and climate, marine science, and space and astronomy. 

The seven volumes of Twentieth-Century Science deal with the following core areas of science biology, chemistry. Earth science, marine science, physics, space and astronomy, and weather and climate. Each volume contains a glossary. Each chapter within each volume contains the following elements ... 

In this Thesis an instrument simulator for a Far Infrared space interferometer is presented, as well as a test bed implementation of the technique intended to be used to achieve high spectral and spatial resolutions from space. In this Introduction the motivation for this system is given from a general view of the Far Infrared astronomy and the possible science cases, through the past and present Far Infrared instruments, to FIRI, the concept of a space based Far Infrared Interferometer. 

The three-year SPACEKIDS project is working on the development of a new detector technology, Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs), to be used in future space missions. The new detectors will be capable of working at extremely low temperatures and will be designed for use in future satellites for astronomy and for the study of the Earth s atmosphere. 

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