Space Studies

Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025... 

Defusing the Global Warming Time Bomb, 2004. James Hansen—Director of NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Scientific American, Vol. 290, Number 3, March. 

Space Weather A Research Perspective—The Elements of Near-Earth Space. Space Studies Board, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council, http //www.nas.edu/ssb/elements.html... 

If the solar luminosity increases by 2%, the climate model produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies indicates a corresponding temperature increase of 4 °C. Climatologists do not usually make predictions over billions of years so this model has not been pursued. However, we may consider that a 10% increase in solar luminosity would lead to a temperature rise of around 12 °C. The result would certainly be catastrophic. Sea level would rise by some 40 cm as the ice caps melted. With a temperature increase of 21 °C, the ice caps would vanish completely and the climate would be changed forever. 

Robert Jastrow, the head of NASA s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, called this the most powerful evidence for the existence of God ever to come out of science. Other amazing parameters abound. If all of the stars in the universe were heavier than three solar masses, they would live for only about 500 million years, and life would not have time to evolve beyond primitive bacteria. Stephen Hawking has estimated that if the rate of the universe s expansion one second after the Big Bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have recollapsed.The universe must live for billions of years to permit time for intelligent life to evolve. On the other hand, the universe might have expanded so rapidly that protons and electrons never united to make hydrogen atoms. 

Siatl National Researdi Council Commiliee on Physical Science Space Studies Board tl/, n.yriii in. Rru antl in Snjifiart nj Tei linntiipiex fur tlw Human L ijilninrii ii tunt Hrnrlnpinmll i>i Spate and PUuit ttiry Hmlnn. Nauonal Academy Press. New York. NY, 2000. 

With constraints on the component concentration variation, in the general case, the space studied forms a polyhedron. In the experimental design we should somehow distribute the points over the polyhedron subject to the condition ... 

Variable interaction terms do not aid in the understanding of DMHF content within the experimental space studied because the primary variable effects are very strong. This is reasonable for a compound which is both easily formed and readily degraded. Variable interaction terms are more important in understanding the formation of 2,3-dihydro-lH-pyrrolizines. These compounds are formed through more complicated mechanistic pathways. Where the interaction terms are important, a 17% and 35% improvement in model fit as expressed by R-Square value was obtained when the interaction terms are considered. 

Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001 (202) 334-3477/ssb nas.edu www.nationalacademies. org/ssb/ssb.html... 

The committee thanks Space Studies Board (SSB) interns Stephanie Bednarek, Matthew Broughton, and Brendan McFarland and Board on Life Sciences program officer Evonne Tang for their work on compiling the glossary and researching references. The committee also thanks SSB research assistant Victoria Swisher for assistance with the report review process. 

The committee s specific recommendations to NASA for space studies are as follows ... 

JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, senior program officer, served previously as director of the Space Studies Board (1999-2005), deputy assistant administrator for science in the Environmental Protection Agency s Office of Research and Development (1994-1998), associate director of space sciences at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (1993-1994), and assistant associate administrator for space sciences and applications in the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (1987-1993). Other positions have included deputy NASA chief scientist and senior policy analyst at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Mr. Alexander s own research work has been in radio astronomy and space physics. He received B.S. and M.A. degrees in physics from the College of William and Mary. 

ROBERT L. RIEMER joined the staff of the National Research Council in 1985. He served as Senior Program Officer for the two most recent decadal surveys of astronomy and astrophysics and has worked on studies in many areas of physics and astronomy for the Board on Physics and Astronomy (where he served as associate director from 1988 to 2000) and the Space Studies Board. Prior to joining the NRC, Dr. Riemer was a senior project geophysicist with Chevron Corporation. He received his Ph.D. in experimental high-energy physics from the University of Kansas-Lawrence and his B.S. in physics and astrophysics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 

CATHERINE A. GRUBER is an assistant editor with the Space Studies Board (SSB). She joined the SSB as a senior program assistant in 1995. Ms. Gruber first came to the NRC in 1988 as a senior secretary for the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board and has also worked as an outreach assistant for the National Academy of Sciences-Smithsonian Institution s National Science Resources Center. She was a research assistant (chemist) in the National Institute of Mental Health s Laboratory of Cell Biology for 2 years. She has a B.A. in natural science from St. Mary s College of Maryland. 

RODNEY N. HOWARD joined the Space Studies Board as a senior project assistant in 2002. Before joining SSB, most of his vocational life was spent in the health profession—as a pharmacy technologist at Doctor s Hospital in Lanham, Maryland, and as an interim center administrator at the Concentra Medical Center in Jessup, Maryland. During that time, he participated in a number of Quality Circle Initiatives that were designed to improve relations between management and staff. Mr. Howard obtained his B.A. in communications from the University of Baltimore County in 1983. He plans to begin coursework next year for his master s degree in business administration. 

NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, N.Y. 10025 t Also with Dept, of Physics, CCNY, N.Y. 

We wish to thank the NASA Institute for Space Studies for making the necessary computer facilities and time available to us. 

Koch D., Jacob D., Tegen 1., Rind D., and Chin M. (1999) Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23799-23822. 

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