ASTM designation characterization

Carbon Blacks—ASTM Designation vs. Characterization Data, as Compiled from Trade and Scientific Literature... 

J. M. Whitney, N. J. Pagano, and R. B. Pipes, Design and Fabrication of Tubuiar Specimens for Composite Characterization, in Composite Materials Testing and Design (Second Conference), H. T. Corten (Chairman), Anaheim, Caiifomia, 20-22 April 1971, ASTM STP 497, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1972, pp. 52-67. 

Determination of die mechanical properties of a cured polymer serves to characterize its macroscopic (bulk) features such as flexibility and hardness. Using standardized methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and die International Standards Organization (ISO) allows direct comparison to otiier materials. The vast majority of polyurethane research and development is conducted in industry where mechanical properties are of vital importance because tins information is used to design, evaluate, and market products. General test categories are presented here with a few illustrative examples. 

Vaccaro, J.R. et al., The use of unique study design to estimate exposure of adults and children to surface and airborne chemicals, in Tichenor, B.A., Ed., Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP1287, American Society of Testing Materials, 1996, pp. 166-183. 

Standard analyses are described in ASTM and Bureau of Mines publications, but nonstandard methods must be acquired from publications dealing with the specific area of interest. For example, the plastic properties of coal, which are important considerations in many process designs, can be characterized by various techniques, each having its own advantages and disadvantages (Table 19.4). 

An alternating copolymer of TFE and propylene (TEE/P) and a terpolymer TFE/P/VDF are fluorocarbon elastomers commercially available under the trademark APE AS. They are characterized by improved low-temperature and electrical properties and steam resistance when compared with FKM and are comparable to PPKM in chemical resistance at lower cost (details in next section). TFE/P has the ASTM D1418 and the ISO 1629 designations FEPM, and in ASTM D2000/SAE J200 it is classified as Type/Class HK. 

A site assessment is the process designed to collect data necessary to evaluate whether contamination is present at the site and, if necessary, direct future work at the site. Under the ASTM RBCA process, limited data are collected to characterize the site with respect to the source area, location of actual or potential receptors, and any other information necessary to perform the Tier 1 screening analysis. By only collecting limited data, the site assessment focuses only on the information required to make an initial decision on the site. Additional data can be collected... 

Another method (ASTM D-447) is designed for characterization of these narrow boiling fractions. Another method (ASTM D-2892) applies to a wide range of products and uses a column with 15 theoretical plates and a 5 1 reflux ratio. The distillation is started at atmospheric pressure until the vapor temperature reaches 210°C (410°F). Distillation is continued at vacuum (100 mmHg) until the vapor temperature again reaches 210°C (410°F) or cracking is observed. 

Solvent leaching - apart from the characterization of the reactivity of specific metals - can provide information on the behaviour of pollutants under typical environmental conditions. Common single reagent leachate tests, e.g. U.S. EPA, ASTM, IAEA and ICES use either distilled water or acetic acid (Theis Padgett, 1983). A large number of test procedures have been designed particularly for soil studies these partly used organic chelators such as EDTA and DTPA (Sauerbeck Styperek, 1985). 

Table 12.18 provides a list of standard test methods for the evaluation of solvent and chemical susceptibilities of polymers and their blends. These tests are to help in (1) designing of fabricated parts, (2) comparison of different materials and (3) characterization of materials for long term performance, etc. The materials performance, summarized after the immersion in reagents for 7 days at elevated temperatures according to ASTM D 543, based on changes in weight, dimensions, appearance and mechanical properties, is shown in Table 12.19. 

Martin RH, Murri GB. Characterization of mode I and mode II delamination growth and thresholds in AS4/PEEK composites. In Garbo SP, editor. Composite materials testing and design, vol. 1059. ASTM Special Technical Publication 1990. pp. 251—70. http // dx.doi.org/10.1520/STP24115S. 

Most adhesives are still characterized by the average shear stress measured on standard lap-shear test coupons (ASTM D-1002) in a variety of environments. This can be misleading in the context of joint design since this so-called adhesive shear strength varies with the adherend material, their thickness [usually 1.3 mm (0.063 in.)], and with the length of the overlap, as described by Hart-Smith (1993). Such coupons should never he used for anything other than quality-control tests, for which their complex mixture of variable shear and peel stresses makes them very useful. 

ASTM Test Method D447, Distillation of Plant Spray Oils, is a method designed for characterization of these narrowboiling fractions. (Optimal persistence with minimal damage to plant fruit and foliage is obtained when narrow boiling petroleum fractions of appropriate volatility are used.)... 

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