Dairy products assessing

Rotz, C. A., Montes, F., and Chianese, D. S. (2010). The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment. J. Dairy Sci. 93,1266-1282. 

Thomassen MA, de Boer IJM. Evaluation of Indicators to Assess the Environmental Impact of Dairy Production Systems. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment. 2005 111 185-199. DOI 10.1016/j.agee.2005.06.013... 

In order to assess the potential extent of human exposures and health effects, members of dairy farm families who consumed raw dairy products known to be contaminated with heptachlor epoxide were studied (Stehr-Green et al. 1986). These individuals and an unexposed urban reference population were compared with regard to serum pesticide levels and liver toxicity. The farm family members had significantly higher mean serum levels of heptachlor epoxide (0.81 0.94 ppb), oxychlordane (0.70 0.75 ppb), and transnonachlor (0.79 0.60 ppb) than the unexposed population. This study is limited because exposure level, duration, and frequency of exposure are not known. There was no increase in prevalence of abnormal liver function tests in the dairy farm families... 

The US-EPA Child Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (US-EPA 2006), first published in 2002, consolidates all children s exposure factors data into one document. The document provides a summary of the available and up-to-date statistical data on various factors assessing children s exposures. These factors include drinking water consumption soil ingestion inhalation rates dermal factors including skin area and soil adherence factors consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, meats, dairy products, homegrown foods, and breast milk activity patterns body weight consumer products and life expectancy. 

Special Food Tests. These may be both Model Tests and Utility Tests. Following the application of the tests above, a knowledgeable reasearcher will be able to assess with some certainty which of the food system Model Tests are worthwhile. It has frequently been noticed that regardless of mediocre results in the Model Tests, many researchers will still try to evaluate their products in the more specialized food system Model Tests, in which the tested product will inevitably fail. The tests include meat emulsion system tests, extruded product tests, baking system tests, dairy product tests, and coacervates. 

Consequently, a more objective way to measure the habitual intake of milk fat would be the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. However, this is not routinely performed in larger cohort studies, due to cost and that the procedure is invasive and less tolerated by study participants. Analysis of plasma fatty acid composition is thus a more feasible option for examination to determine dairy intake in the study population. While some groups have separated plasma into its constituent phospholipids and cholesterol esters to analyze serum 15 0 and 17 0 as markers of dairy intake (Smedman et al., 1999), Baylin et al. (2005) found that plasma that was not separated into its constituent cholesteryl ester, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols was still able to reflect habitual dairy intakes comparably to adipose tissue. Thus, whole plasma is an acceptable alternative to fractionated plasma in the absence of adipose tissue for analysis to reflect habitual dairy intakes and may be a cost effective option for consideration when conducting future intervention studies to assess the affect of dairy products on health outcomes. 

It is clear that evidence to support role of dairy on weight management is a key research area, and while calls have been made for further substantiation to determine whether a true food effect is at play (Lamarche, 2008), it might also be important to discern how a "food effect" occurs. This is not likely to be the same as a pharmaceutical effect. A review by Parikh and Yanovski (2003) identifies the need for large, population based, clinical trials assessing the effect of dairy products on body weight, but there needs to be some development of the theoretical framework in which this might be assessed. 

Recio, I., Amigo, L., and Lopez-Fandino, R. (1997). Assessment of the quality of dairy products by capillary electrophoresis of milk proteins. J. Chromatogr. A 697, 231-242. 

For risk assessment purposes, an important objective in evaluating the environmental fate of PCDD/Fs is predicting the major pathways of human exposure. It is well established that the food chain, especially meat and dairy products, accounts for more than 90% of human exposure to PCDD/Fs and perhaps as much as 99% of human exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD.34 In industrialized countries, the average daily intake via food (the major route of exposure to dioxins and furans) ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 pg TEQ kg-1 body weight. 

E. Coni, S. Caroli, D. Ianni, A. Bocca, A methodological approach to the assessment of trace elements in milk and dairy products, Food Chem., 50 (1994), 203-210. 

In this chapter, the lipolytic enzymes in milk and milk products and the causes, consequences and assessment of their action are discussed. The significance of lipases in human nutrition and in the production of characteristic flavors in certain dairy products is also covered. 

Nevertheless, at this time there is no persuasive evidence from epidemiological studies that any individual fatty acid is associated with the risk of breast cancer (Willett, 1997). A pooled analysis of nine prospective studies showed no association between the intake of various dairy products and the risk of breast cancer (Missmer et al., 2002). However, in epidemiological studies there is often a high degree of correlation between individual fatty acids in the diet. This reduces the ability to detect an independent association between a single acid and cancer risk. Furthermore, dietary assessment during an epidemiological study may not reflect an individual s diet at the time of cancer initiation, which in the case of breast cancer may be in early life. 

Odor-active components in cheese flavor, many of which are derived from milk lipids, can be detected using GC-olfactometry (GC-O). GC-0 is defined as a collection of techniques that combine olfactometry, or the use of the human nose, as a detector to assess odor activity in a defined air stream post-separation using a GC (Friedich and Acree, 1988). The data generated by GC-0 are evaluated primarily by aroma extract dilution analysis or Charm analysis. Both involve evaluating the odor activity of individual compounds by sniffing the GC outlet of a series of dilutions of the original aroma extract and therefore both methods are based on the odor detection threshold of compounds. The key odourants in dairy products and in various types of cheese have been reviewed by Friedich and Acree (1988) and Curioni and Bosset (2002). 

Multidimensional techniques are regularly used in analytical assessments of measurement data relating to the levels of chemical elements in the quality control of animal and plant food products. Chemometric interpretations have been obtained for the following animal products meat and meat products [316-318], fish [319-321], seafood [25, 322-328], milk and dairy products [329-332] and honey [333-339]. Similar interpretations have been obtained for the following plant products rice [143], cereals [340], vegetables [140, 341-346], fruit and fruit preserves [347], tea [155, 348-350], coffee [13, 155, 351, 352], mushrooms [26], fruit juices [141], confectionery [21, 353], nuts [354], wine [355-358], beer [66, 359] and other alcoholic beverages [159, 360, 361]. 

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