As marker

The separation of proteins and peptides mixtures is the objective of protein biochemisdy. Albumin (Mr 66 000) concentration in a biological fluid (seaim, urine or cerebrbrospinal fluid) is assayed as markers for a series disease, such as nephritic syndrome or chronic glomuleronephritis. In diabetic patients the progression of microalbuminuria is accompanied by an increase in urinary concentrations of human semm albumen. In normal the excretion of albumin is 20 (tg/ml, in pathology - 20-200 p.g/ml. 

Evidence concerning the identity of the mobile species can be obtained from observation [406,411—413] of the dispositions of product phases and phase boundaries relative to inert and immobile markers implanted at the plane of original contact between reactant surfaces. Movement of the markers themselves is known as the Kirkendall effect [414], Carter [415] has used pores in the material as markers. Product layer thickness has alternatively been determined by the decrease in intensity of the X-ray fluorescence from a suitable element which occurs in the underlying reactant but not in the intervening product layers [416]. 

Biomarkers are broadly defined as indicators signaling events in biologic systems or samples. They have been classified as markers of exposure, markers of effect, and markers of susceptibility (NAS/NRC 1989). 

Finally, it is worth mentioning that tryptase levels do not differentiate between immunologic and non-immimological mast cell activation and do not contribute to the identification of the cause of the anaphylactic reaction. To date, very few mediators [10] apart from histamine and tryptase have been investigated as markers for anaphylaxis. Recent studies also include other mediators that we will only examine briefly. A more extensive review can be found elsewhere [2,11]. 

Eberlein-Konig B. Rakoski J, Behrendt H, Ring J Use of CD63 expression as marker of in vitro basophil activation in identifying the culprit in insect venom allergy. J Investig Allergol Chn Immunol 2004 14 10-16. 

SPECIFIC ENZYMES ACT AS MARKERS OF COMPARTMENTS SEPARATED BY THE MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES... 

Membranes contain many proteins, some of which have enzymatic activity. Some of these enzymes are located only in certain membranes and can therefore be used as markers to follow the purification of these membranes. 

Keane NM, Price P, Lee S et al (2001) An evaluation of serum soluble CD30 levels and serum CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity as markers of type 2 and type 1 cytokines in HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 126 111-116 Khan MZ, Brandimarti R, Shimizu S et al (2008) The chemokine CXCL12 promotes survival of postmitotic neurons by regulating Rb protein. Cell Death Differ 15(10) 1663-1672... 

If a substance is to be a NT it should be possible to demonstrate appropriate enzymes for its synthesis from a precursor at its site of action, although peptides are transported to their sites of location and action after synthesis in the axon or distal neuronal cell body. The specificity of any enzyme system must also be established, especially if they are to be modified to manipulate the levels of a particular NT, or used as markers for it. Thus choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) may be taken as indicative of ACh and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of GABA but some of the synthesising enzymes for the monoamines lack such specificity. 

With investigations of phytochemicals and functional foods, the outcome measure is generally going to be a biomarker of disease, such as serum cholesterol level as a marker of heart disease risk, or indicators of bone turnover as markers of osteoporosis risk. Alternatively, markers of exposure may also indicate the benefit from a functional food by demonstrating bioavailability, such as increased serum levels of vitamins or carotenoids. Some components will be measurable in both ways. For instance, effects of a folic acid-fortified food could be measured via decrease in plasma homocysteine levels, or increase in red blood cell folate. 

Next, four male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered NDPA-[2,3- H] by intraperitoneal injection (12). After 12 hours, the animals were sacrificed, and RNA and DNA were isolated from the combined livers by standard procedures. Following addition of unlabeled, authentic 7-propylguanine and 7-isopropylguanine as markers, the nucleic acids were hydrolyzed in perchloric acid at... 

Schneider M, O Luxenhofer, A Deissler, K Ballschmiter (1998) Cj-C, alkyl nitrates, benzyl nitrate and bifunctional nitrates measurements in California and South Atlantic air and global comparsion using C2Cj4 and CHBrj as marker molecules. Environ Sci Technol 32 3055-3062. 

In a simulated spill, groundwater was spiked with BTEX, MTBE, and chloride as marker, and injected into a sandy aquifer (Schirmer and Barker 1998). Whereas the level of BTEX fell, loss of MTBE was much slower, and only ca. 3% remained after 8 years, although the mechanism of its loss was not resolved. 

FIGURE 16.3 Decisive diterpeiies as marker substances of B. carterii and B. serrata resins. 

DETERMINATION OF TWO BOSWELLIC ACIDS AS MARKER OF ALTERATIONS DURING PROCESSING OF THE RESINS... 

Mineral exploration, the search for economic ore deposits, requires somewhat different reference samples than those used in ore valuation. Soil or sediment and water samples are frequently used in the search when mineralized areas of abundant outcrop or those covered only by thin locally derived overburden are being evaluated. In such cases, it is virtually impossible not to detect the mineralization from an analysis of ore elements in these types of samples. Later, as the mineral deposits closest to the surface were exploited and then played out, new deposits occurred at progressively greater depths, and these sample types were less and less effective as markers in the search (Hoffman 1989). 

TABLE 3.1 Usual chemical compositions as markers and analytical techniques for discriminating geographical or botanical origins of honeys... 

Bianchi, F., Careri, M., and Musci, M. (2005). Volatile norisoprenoids as markers of botanical origin of Sardinian strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey Characterisation of aroma compounds by dynamic headspace extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 89,527-532. 

Ferreres, F., Giner, J. M., and Tomas-Barberan, F. A. (1994c). A comparative study of hesperetin and methylanthranilate as markers of the floral origin of citrus honey. /. Sci. Food Agric. 65, 371-372. 

Odeh, I., Abu-Lafi, S., Dewik, H., Al-Najjar, 1., Imam, A., Dembitsky, V. M., and Hanus, L. O. (2007). A variety of volatile compounds as markers in Palestinian honey from Thymus capitatus, Thymelaea hirsuta, and Tolpis virgata. Food Chem. 101,1393-1397. 

Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Martos, I., Ferreres, F., Radovic, B. S., and Anklam, E. (2001). HPLC flavonoid profiles as markers for the botanical origin of European unifloral honeys. /. Sd. Food Agric. 81, 485-496. 

The subset of peaks that can serve as markers for the binding of replacements were identified by comparing the HSQC spectra of N-AK... 

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