Venous occlusion

Mesenteric arterial or venous occlusion (atrial fibrillation) Mesenteric ischemia without occlusion Trauma... 

Vasodilatation by venous occlusion plethysmography, laser doppler Vasodilators... 

Currently, in both arterial and venous occlusion, newer products such as alteplase which is recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator where 10 mg is given as an intitial bolus and a further 90 mg infused over 2 hours are offering alternative regimens. Although costly they have apparent benefit in stroke and acute coronary syndromes. 

Strachan FE, Newby DE, Sciberras DG, McCrea JB, Goldberg MR, Webb DJ. 2002. Repeatability of local forearm vasoconstriction to endothelin-1 measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Br J Clin Pharmacol 54 386-394. 

Finally, thrombolytic drugs are gaining acceptance in treating other types of arterial and venous occlusion. For example, thrombolytic therapy can help dissolve clots in peripheral arteries (femoral, popliteal, and so forth)56 these drugs can help resolve thrombus formation in the large veins (DVT).68 This treatment... 

The TFPI pool bound to the endothelium has been shown to be heparin releasable in a number of studies (104,106), Venous occlusion and agents such as I-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) that induce exocytosis of endothelial granular proteins do not cause the release of TFPI (106). Repeated heparin administration is observed to release... 

Ouriel K, Katzen B, Mewissen M, et al. Reteplase in the treatment of peripheral arterial and venous occlusions a pilot study. J Vase Interv Radiol 2000 I l(7) 849-854. 

Burkart DJ, BorsaJJ, Anthony JP Thurlo SR, Thrombolysis of acute peripheral arterial and venous occlusions with tenecteplase and eptifibatide a pilot study. 

CVST generally shows a subacute onset and course of symptoms. Clinical symptomatology is dependant on the cause, localization, extension and time of development of the venous occlusion. The leading symptom is headache in 70%-90% of all cases... 

Erickson LA, Fici GJ, Lund JE et al. (1990) Development of venous occlusions in mice transgenic for the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. Nature 346 74—76 Kawasaki T, Dewerchin M, Lijnen HR et al. (2000) Vascular release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 impairs fibrinolysis during acute arterial thrombosis in mice. Blood 96 153-160... 

CME results from many ocular conditions but is not an independent disease entity. Retinal cell processes in Henle s layer run parallel to the surface of the internal limiting membrane, and the laxity of this layer fc>rms a potential reservoir for extravascular fluid resulting from breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, which forms extracellular cystoid spaces in the perifoveal area. CME accompanies several retinal vascular diseases, including diabetic maculopathy central retinal venous occlusion, and branch venous occlusion. It may follow surgical procedures, most often cataract extraction and retinal detachment repair, or posterior inflammatory conditions, including pars planitis, chronic uveitis, and miscellaneous conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa. 

Venous occlusion Retrobulbar neuritis Orbital inflammation... 

The effects of different doses of ketorolac, with or without venous occlusion, on the incidence and severity of pain after propofol injection have been studied in a randomized, double-blind study in 180 patients (28). Pretreatment with intravenous ketorolac 15 mg and 30 mg reduced the pain after propofol injection. A lower dose of ketorolac 10 mg with venous occlusion for 120 seconds achieved the same effect. 

C. W. Yoxall and A. M. Weindling, Measurement of Venous Oxyhemoglobin Saturation in the Adult Human Forearm by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Venous Occlusion, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 35(4), 331-336 (1997). 

F. F. Buchvald, K. Kesje, and G. Greisen, Measurement of Cerebral Oxyhaemoglobin Saturation and Jugular Blood Flow in Term Healthy Newborn Infants by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Jugular Venous Occlusion, Biol. Neonate, 75(2), 97-103 (1999). 

I. A. Hassan, S. A. Spencer, Y. A. Wickramasinghe, and K. S. Palmer, Measurement of Peripheral Oxygen Utilisation in Neonates Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy Comparison Between Arterial and Venous Occlusion Methods, Early Hum. Devel., 57(3), 211-224 (2000). 

TABLE 2-1 Changes in Composition of Serum When Venous Occlusion Is Prolonged from I Minute to 3 Minutes ... 

Corrections have been applied with some success in patients who have Hver disease and low concentrations of protein, but less successfully in patients with renal failure. Their value in hypercalcemia and in specimens with increased proteins because of venous occlusion has been questioned. Several studies have questioned the value of adjusting total calcium values, and one showed that adjusted calcium results were no better than total calcium in predicting free calcium. Equations that are derived for a specific patient group, such as patients with liver disease, may be better than no correction in that group of patients. 

A common and important source of preanalytical error in the measurement of calcium is the increase in total, but not free, calcium concentration associated with tourniquet use and venous occlusion during sampling. Errors of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/dL (0.12 to 0.25 mmol/L) in total calcium may result because of the increase in protein-bound calcium caused by the efflux of water from the vascular compartment during stasis. Only small and clinically insignificant increases in free calcium have been reported with venous stasis. If a tourniquet is required, it should be applied just before sampling and released as soon as possible. 

---