Venous , arterial

Sodium nitroprusside is a mixed arterial-venous vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to increase cardiac index and decrease venous pressure. Despite its lack of direct inotropic activity, nitroprusside exerts hemodynamic effects that are qualitatively similar to those of dobutamine and milrinone. However, nitroprusside generally decreases PAOP, SVR, and blood pressure more than those agents do. 

Isolated tissues Vasoconstrictor/vasodilator assessment Isolated tissues (e.g., arterial/ venous rings) Krasner et al.,-84 Lefer et al85... 

In vivo Hemodynamic and cardiac parameters pressure (arterial, venous, ventricular, e.g., ventricular contractility, cardiac output), HR, peripheral resistance, ECG parameters, body temperature, flow Conscious (restrained or telemetry) and anesthetized Takahara et al. 97 Sato et al. 98 Nekooeian and Tabrizchi99... 

In many applications it is not necessary to know the absolute gas partial pressure or concentrations. In some cases, for example, arterial, venous, or expired-to-venous concentrations are sufficient. This avoids calibrations, removes a source of error. 

Increasing oxygen consumption through the arterial-venous oxygen difference — increasing extraction of oxygen from limited blood flow. 

During the induction phase of anesthesia, the tissues that exert greatest influence on the arterial-venous anesthetic concentration gradient are those which are highly perfused. These include the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and splanchnic bed, which together receive over 75% of the resting cardiac output. In the case of anesthetics with relatively high solubility in these tissues, venous blood concentration will initially be very low, and equilibrium with arterial blood is achieved slowly. 

How the temperature is measured (i.e., brain vs arterial, venous, tympanic, bladder, or rectal temperature) is also critical, as the core temperature is usually 0.3-1.1°C lower than brain temperature (51). However, it is important to consider that these values may be different in patients with acute cerebral ischemia or trauma. 

Adams, R. H. et al. (1999). Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis. Genes Dev. 13, 295—306. 

Table 2. Arterial-Venous Difference in Amino Acid Uptake During Exercise...

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may be either chronic or acute. It becomes manifest as severe or slight haemorrhages of arterial, venous or capillary origin, (s. tab. 19.3) Elimination of the blood is effected by vomiting or in the stool. 

Direct vasodilating action on arterial, venous smooth muscle. Decreases peripheral vascular resistance, preload, afterload, improves cardiac output. Dilates coronary arteries, decreases 02 consumption, relieves persistent chest pain... 

Arterial blood reaches the pituitary gland via the superior hypophyseal artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery. Venous blood is supplied through a venous portal system that originates in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and ends in sinusoidal capillaries of the pituitary gland. This venous system is known as the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. This system carries neurosecretory hormones from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis. These hypothalamic factors stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis. Retrograde flow from the adenohypophysis to the median eminence of the hypothalamus is also believed to occur. With upstream flow, pituitary hormones can reach the hypothalamus and influence hypothalamic function through a short feedback loop. 

C arterial=(venous blood concentration c.Q cardiac+mc.air rate.inh). . . ... 

Holter monitoring Homocysteine Isonitrile scan Lactic dehydrogenase Lipoproteins MUGA scan Myoglobin Pericardiocentesis Plethysmography arterial venous... 

Transfer of oxygen to blood would be accomplished best by introducing into the blood microbubbles which would completely dissolve. Only the arterial-venous (A—V) oxygen content difference need be introduced, and provided the bubbles could completely dissolve under the limitations imposed by flow, defoaming would be unnecessary. 

Fig.l8. Identification of the role played by converted adventitial cells in the neointima formation. Carotid artery was first pulse-labeled with bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) soon after overstretching injury (black dots), then an autologous (not treated) segment of saphenous vein was interposed into the injured/treated artery. Three weeks after surgery, BrdU-positive cells were found both in the arterialized venous media and in the neointima (see Ref. [370] for details). 

Time-resolved CTA could improve visualization of currently difticult-to-detect lesions, such as cavernous sinus aneurysms and small arterial venous malfor-mations/fistulae, as these could be visuahzed with greater temporal resolution during arterial, capillary, and venous phases of contrast enhancement. In fact, dedicated studies could display a temporally parsed image, which could mirror the temporal resolution of the conventional cerebral catheter angiogram. 

Currently, there is much interest in alcohol tinctures of CHG. These alcohol/CHG products may prove to be highly effective for use as preoperative skin preps, surgical scrubs and healthcare personnel handwash formulations. Additionally, tincture of CHG may be useful both as a preinjection and an arterial/venous catheterization prep. Preparations of alcohol/CHG combine the excellent immediate antimicrobial properties of alcohol with the persistence properties of CHG to provide a clinical performance superior to either alcohol or CHG alone. 

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