Cerebral ischemia acute

The time course of diffusion changes in acute cerebral ischemia has been studied in detail (Lansberg... 

Beauchamp NJ Jr, Barker PB, Wang PY,van Zijl PC (1999) Imaging of acute cerebral ischemia. Radiology 212 307-324 Beaulieu C (2002) The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - a technical review. NMR Biomed 15 435-455... 

Benveniste H, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA (1992) Mechanism of detection of acute cerebral ischemia in rats by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance microscopy. Stroke 23 746-754... 

For the exact description of hemodynamic stroke and identification of individual hemodynamic risk zones, as mentioned earlier, the assessment of the hemodynamic situation is essential. PI offers a means to obtain semiquantitative hemodynamic information in cerebral ischemia with relatively high resolution and short acquisition times covering all cerebral vascular territories. In acute cerebral ischemia dynamic susceptibility contrast... 

Acute cerebral ischemia affects neurons first and the more resistant glia and blood vessels in later stages. Deep cortical layers such as layer III of the cerebral cortex are especially vulnerable, mainly in the parietal and occipital regions and less in the frontal and temporal areas. The more vulnerable neurons are those of the caudate and putamen, the pyramidal cells of Sommer s area and the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The thalamus and brainstem are more resistant to hypoxia and ischemia. White matter is generally considered to be more resistant than grey matter. 

CT and MRI have been used extensively to show acute cerebral ischemia (stroke) and its sequelae. While CT is mainly used to exclude hemorrhage, it is very specific in detecting changes in the water content of ischemic cerebral tissues. 

How the temperature is measured (i.e., brain vs arterial, venous, tympanic, bladder, or rectal temperature) is also critical, as the core temperature is usually 0.3-1.1°C lower than brain temperature (51). However, it is important to consider that these values may be different in patients with acute cerebral ischemia or trauma. 

Combination Therapy With Hypothermia and Pharmaceuticals for the Treatment of Acute Cerebral Ischemia... 

Resurgence of Hypothermia as a Treatment for Brain Injury. The Effects of Hypothermia and Hyperthermia in Global Cerebral Ischemia. Mild Hypothermia in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Hypothermic Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury. Postischemic Hypothermia Provides Long-Term Neuroprotection in Rodents. Combination Therapy With Hypothermia and Pharmaceuticals for the T reatment of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Intraoperative and Intensive Care Management of the Patient Undergoing Mild Hypothermia. Management of Traumatic Brain Injury With Moderate Hypothermia. Hypothermia Clinical Experience in Stroke Patients. Hypothermia Therapy Future Directions in Research and Clinical Practice. Index. 

Gass A, Ay H, Szaho K et al. (2004). Diffusion-weighted MRI for the small stuff the details of acute cerebral ischemia. Lancet Neurology 3 39-45... 

Roberts HC, Roberts TP, Smith WS, Lee TJ, Fischbein NJ, DUlon WP (2001) Multisection dynamic CT perfusion for acute cerebral ischemia the toggUng-table technique. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 1077-1080... 

Inflammatory molecules include adhesion molecules, che-mokines and cytokines, many of which are up-regulated in acute cerebral ischemia and conh ibute to the inflammatory process. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is a direct consequence of the ionic imbalances and free calcium accu-muladon that lead to the release of free fatty acids and other... 

IL-6 plays a centol role in host defense and in acute and chronic inflammatory activities. It is expressed in response to various forms of cerebral injury [7,61,62]. It was found that in the rat, IL-6 mRNA is overexpressed 3 hours after permanent MCA occlusion and reaches a peak at 12 hours its expression remains high for at least 24 hours [7,63]. Higher IL-6 levels have been detected in the peripheral blood of patients with acute cerebral ischemia... 

K. Fassbender, S. Rossol, T. Kaimner, M. Daffertshofer, S. Wirth, M. Dollman, and M. Hennerici, Proinflammatory Cytokines in Serum of Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemia Kinetics of Secretion and Relation to the Extent of Brain Damage and Outcome of Disease, Journal of Neurological Sciences,122 (1994) 135-139. 

T cell activation and can interfere with cytoskeletal components that prevent interleukin-2 sjmthesis and release. Cytotoxic edema caused by acute cerebral ischemia is associated with reduced diffusion, reflecting the failure of membrane sodium pumps. Altered electrolyte or fluid balance can precede the onset of encephalopathy. This can be shown by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted MRI images (36). 

Doerfler A et al (1998) Are iodinated contrast agents detrimental in acute cerebral ischemia An experimental study in rats. Radiology 206(1) 211-217. 

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