Arsenic speciation analysis

Importantly, neither arsenobetaine nor arsenocholine forms an arsine on treatment with borohydride solutions. Consequently, arsenobetaine and arsenocholine may remain undetected in samples, seawater for example, when arsines are generated and determined in an arsenic speciation analysis. The technique HPLC/ICP-MS is most suitable for the analysis of these (non-arsine-forming) compounds (49). Use of the highly sensitive ICP-MS detector allows application of small quantities of material to the chromatography column, thereby obviating possible sample matrix effects previously observed for arsenobetaine (50). 

Sloth, J. J., Julshamn, K., Larsen, E. H. Selective arsenic speciation analysis of human urine reference materials using gradient elution ion-exchange HPLC-ICP-MS. J Anal At Spectrom 2004, 19, 973-978. 

Many methods have been developed for the determination of total arsenic, and of its inorganic and organic compounds. Typical detailed reviews on As analysis in general include those of Irgolic (1992) and Frances-coni et al. (1994). Recent reviews on arsenic speciation analysis include a general overview by Gong et al. (2002), speciation in contaminated soils by Garcia-Manyes et al. 

Chatterjee a., Shibata Y., Yoshinaga j. and Mortta M. (1999) Appheation of a nitrogen microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometer as an element-spedfic detector for arsenic speciation analysis, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14 1853-1859. 

Terlecka, E. (2005). Arsenic speciation analysis in water samples a review of the hyphenated techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol. 107, p>p. 259-284... 

Bigler, J. and E. Crecelius. 1998. Methods for the analysis of arsenic speciation in seafood from Cook Inlet, Alaska. SEGH 3rd Inter. Conf. Arsenic Expos. Health Effects 9. 

The aim of this work was to investigate the arsenic mobilization from the tailings material (200 - 500 pg/g As) into the seepage water (up to 3.5 mg/L As) and the process of seepage water effluent forming an immobilized precipitate (up to 8 % As) in the creek. Different analytical methods for the determination of total concentrations and different sequential extraction methods as well as hyphenated techniques for speciation analysis were applied to follow the way of the arsenic in this environment. 

C.B. Hymer and J.A. Caruso, Arsenic and its speciation analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr.A 1045 (2004) 1-14. 

For the determination of organotin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin, triethyltin, and tetra-ethyltin) a MAE is proposed before the normal phase (NP) HPLC/UV analysis [35], In organotin and arsenic speciation studies, hydride generation is the most popular derivatization method, combined with atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or ICP techniques [25,36], Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS and electrospray ionization ESI-MS are employed in the determination of butyltin, phenyltin, triphenyltin, and tributyltin in waters and sediments [37], A micro LC/ESI-ion trap MS method has been recently chosen as the official EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method (8323) [38] it permits the determination of mono-, di-, and tri- butyltin, and mono-, di-, and tri-phenyltin at concentration levels of a subnanogram per liter and has been successfully applied in the analysis of freshwaters and fish [39], Tributyltin in waters has been also quantified through an automated sensitive SPME LC/ESI-MS method [40],... 

The compounds MMA, DMA, and TMAO are reduced in acidic aqueous media by borohydride solutions to methylarsine (MeAsH2, bp 2°C), dimethylarsine (Me2AsH, bp 35°C), and trimethylarsine (Me3As, bp 55°C), respectively. These products are useful derivatives for speciation analysis of arsenic because they are readily separated from complex sample matrices and may be further separated from each other by distillation (41) or by gas chromatography (42) prior to their determination by element-specific detectors. Consequently, arsine generation techniques are the most commonly used methods for determining MMA, DMA, and TMAO in marine samples. 

Another intensively studied element in speciation analysis is arsenic. The biological and environmental effects of arsenic species and their transformation pathways have been studied in numerous papers.40- 42 Both arsenite and arsenate accumulate in living tissues because of their affinity for proteins, lipids and other cellular compounds.43 Arsenic species can undergo transformation via... 

Gong, Z., Lu, X., Watt, C. et al. (2006) Speciation analysis of arsenic in groundwater from Inner Mongolia with an emphasis on acid-leachable particulate arsenic. Analytica Chimica Acta, 555(1), 181-87. 

Liang, P. and Liu, R. (2007) Speciation analysis of inorganic arsenic in water samples by immobilized nanometer titanium dioxide separation and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Analytica Chimica Acta, 602(1), 32-36. 

Garbarnio, J.R., A.J. Bednar, and M.R. Burchardt. 2002. Methods of analysis by the US geological survey national water quality laboratory—arsenic speciation in natural water samples using laboratory and field methods. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Reports 02-4144. 

Pantsar-Kallio, M. and P.K.G. Manninen. 1999. Optimizing ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation analysis of arsenic, chromium and bromine in water samples. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 75 43-55. 

Prest, J.E., Baldock, SJ., Fielden, P.R., Goddard, N.J., Brown, B.J.T., Miniaturised isotachophoretic analysis of inorganic arsenic speciation using a planar polymer chip with integrated conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2003,990, 325-334. 

The lead contents of 206 soil samples determined by AAS indicated that such determination provides a useful parameter for soil comparison and discrimination in forensic science (Chaperlin 1981). Soil investigations near a former smelter in Colorado revealed that historic use of arsenical pesticides has contributed significantly to anthropogenic background concentrations of arsenic on certain residential properties. A variety of forensic techniques including spatial analysis, arsenic speciation and calculation of metal ratios were successful in the separation of smelter impacts from pesticide impacts (Folkes, Kuehster, and Litle 2001). 

Wine is a very complex matrix and the accurate, selective determination of species constitutes a challenge for analytical chemists. Furthermore, the speciation analysis of metals bound to biological ligands is a subject of increasing interest since complexation may reduce their toxicity and bioavailability. There is a limited number of studies concerning the speciation analysis of metals or metalloids in wines. Arsenite, arsenate, MMA, and DMA were separated in less than 10 min by means of an anion-exchange column [88], Arsenic species detection was accomplished by the direct coupling of the column effluent to an HG system and AFS was used for detection. LoDs in white wine were 0.16, 0.33, 0.32, and 0.57 ng ml-1 for As(III), DMA, MMA, and As(V), respectively. In real samples... 

Figure 16.3. Arsenic species of interest in food speciation analysis.

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