Armstrong Method

Enzyme Reference Serums. Several companies sell lyophilized or stabilized reference serums for the calibration of instruments and for quality control. The label values given for the enzymatic activity of these serums should never be taken at face value, as at times they may be quite erroneous (19,33). Also, these values should only be used for the assay with which they were standardized, as interconversion of activity from one method to another for the same enzyme may often lead to marked errors. For instance, it is not recommended that alkaline phosphatase expressed in Bodansky units be multiplied by a factor to convert it to the units of the Ring-Armstrong method, or any other method for that matter. 

KL Rundlett, DW Armstrong. Methods for the determination of binding constants by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22 1419-1427, 2001. 

Since a number of methods are in widespread use, it is worthwhile to review comparative studies of alkaline phosphatase activity measured by these different methods. Schwartz et al. (S24) established that a linear relation exists between the results of the Bodansky and King-Armstrong methods. Laurent and Norberg (L5) also demonstrated a linear relation between values on serum performed with a modified Bessey-Lowry compared to a modified King-Armstrong method. However, Gelb et al. 

Buch, I., and Buch, H., An improved King and Armstrong method for the determination of phosphatase activity in blood serum. Acta Med. Scand. 101, 211-236 (1939). 

Repair methods K B ARMSTRONG Methods for composites and honeycomb panels on large structures such as aircraft... 

In the King-Armstrong method phenylphosphate is used as the substrate. The phenol liberated can be measured by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, or in the case of the Kind and King modification, by 4-aminoantipyrene. 

A complex phosphotungstomolybdic acid reagent which oxidizes phenolic compounds under alkaline conditions and is itself reduced from a yellow to a blue colour. Examples of its use are the estimation of total protein by its reaction with tyrosine residues and the measurement of phenol liberated by alkaline phophatase in the King-Armstrong method. 

Kudo, A. (1983). Physical/chemical/biological removal mechanisms of mercury in a receiving stream. In Toxic Materials - Methods for Control" (N. E. Armstrong and A. Kudo, eds). The Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. 

Ring, E. J. and Armstrong, A. R. A convenient method for determing serum and bile phosphatase activity. Canad. 

Air Force. 1990. Development and validation of methods for applying pharmacokinetic data in risk assessment Volume n. Trichloroethylene. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH U.S. Air Force, Air Force Systems Command, Harry G. Armstrong Medical Research Laboratory, Human Systems Division. NTIS No. AD-A237 366. 

A number of methods are available for following the oxidative behaviour of food samples. The consumption of oxygen and the ESR detection of radicals, either directly or indirectly by spin trapping, can be used to follow the initial steps during oxidation (Andersen and Skibsted, 2002). The formation of primary oxidation products, such as hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes, and secondary oxidation products (carbohydrides, carbonyl compounds and acids) in the case of lipid oxidation, can be quantified by several standard chemical and physical analytical methods (Armstrong, 1998 Horwitz, 2000). 

ARMSTRONG D, Ed. (1998) Free radical and antioxidant protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, 108, Totowa, NJ, Humana Press. 

Armstrong, G. and Apel, K., Molecular and genetic analysis of light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis. Methods EnzymoL, 291, 237, 1998. 

Methods to determine exposure of pesticides to agricultural workers have developed over the last 30 years at a reasonably slow pace. Some of the first methods to determine agricultural worker exposure to pesticides were developed by Armstrong, Wolfe, and Durham1 as well as Poppendorf.2 Using these methods for research has resulted in the development of several axioms related to agricultural worker exposure to pesticides ... 

With the increased popularity of LC-MS, the problem of overlapping enantiomer peaks from other amino acids has largely been resolved. The mass spectrometer can act as an additional dimension of separation (based on mass to charge ratio). Thus, only amino acids having the same mass-to-charge ratio must be separated achirally (see Desai and Armstrong, 2004). This additional dimension of separation also has implications for the applications in the matrices discussed previously. With the ability of the mass spectrometer to discriminate on the basis of mass, this lessens the need for complete achiral separation. For example, an LC-MS method was recently developed to study the pharmacokinetics of theanine enantiomers in rat plasma and urine without an achiral separation before the enantiomeric separation (Desai et al., 2005). In such matrices, proteins must still be removed by appropriate sample preparation. 

Burkhard, L.P., Andren, A.W., Armstrong, D.E. (1985) Estimation of vapor pressures for polychlorinated biphenyls A comparison of eleven predictive methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 500-507. 

Photo-oxidation was seen as a possible route to a total phosphorus method. Again, early work on the method was done by Armstrong et al. [15] and Armstrong and Tibbitts [36]. Grasshoff [37] adapted the method to continuous automatic analysis a variation on this method is considered the standard method for automatic analysis today [18]. Bikbulatov [38], on the other hand, feels that such important phosphorus compounds as ATP and DI are not completely decomposed by ultraviolet irradiation and that persulfate oxidation gives better results. 

G.E. Jabbour, S.E. Shaheen, M.M. Morrell, B. Kippelen, N.R. Armstrong, andN. Peyghambarian, Aluminum composite cathodes a new method for the fabrication of efficient and bright organic light-emitting devices, Opt. Photon. News, 10 (4), 24, 1999. 

A Armstrong, I Brackenridge, RFW Jackson, JM Kirk. A new method for the preparation of tertiary butyl ethers and esters. Tetrahedron Lett 29, 2483, 1988. 

The first reported attempt to use fluorine in calorimetric measurements is probably Berthelot and Moissan s study of the reaction between K.2SC>3(aq) and F2(g), in 1891 [ 19,120]. Modem fluorine bomb calorimetry, however, was started in the 1960s by Hubbard and co-workers [110,111,121], while in the same period Jessup and Armstrong and their colleagues [ 109,115-117] developed the method of fluorine flame calorimetry to a high degree of accuracy and precision. 

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