Applications to Immunology

In addition to antibodies, the immune system also consists of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes, or B cells, and T cells that come from the thymus gland, both of which (indirectly) produce antibodies. These cells, in turn, may be helped by helper cells (= H) and suppressed by suppressor cells (= S). Helper cells may be alarmed as to the presence of antigens by macrophages (= M) that eat the antigens and leave parts of their meal on their cell surface. 

The immune system can malfunction either by attacking itself or the body (which happens in auto-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis) or by being weakened itself in some way (such as what occurs as a result of the AIDS virus). 

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N. Recombinant rat nucleoside diphosphate kinase isoforms (a and ) purification, properties and application to immunological detection of native isoforms in rat tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1205, 113-122 (1994)... 

Filtering cells and cell fractions from fluid media. These particles, after concentration by filtration, may be examined through subsequent quantitative or qualitative analysis. The filtration techniques also have applications in fields related to immunology and implantation of tissues as well as in cytological evaluation of cerebrospinal, fluid. 

The first application of immunologically based technology to pesticides was not reported until 1970, when Centeno and Johnson developed antibodies that selectively bound malathion. A few years later, radioimmunoassays were developed for aldrin and dieldrin and for parathion. In 1972, Engvall and Perlman introduced the use of enzymes as labels for immunoassay and launched the term enzyme-linked... 

The development of vaccines is one of the most successful practical applications in immunology and in this field it is currently fashionable to make the reductionist claim that it will soon be possible to design effective synthetic vaccines on the basis of our knowledge of the molecules involved in immunological interactions. It seems to me that this claim arises from an unwarranted faith in the power of a reductionist approach for solving complex biological problems. Such a claim does not take into account that the protection against disease that can be achieved by vaccination is a... 

Dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides, generated by the condensation of an a-amino acid and an aldehyde, is an efficient method for covalent sidewall functionalisation and has been successfully used to solubilise CNTs in most organic solvents (Tasis et al., 2003 Holzinger et al., 2003). This particular technique has also been utilised to obtain the first example of a bioactive peptide covalently linked to CNTs by the prospect for the potential applications in immunology (Bianco and Prato, 2003 Pantarotto et al., 2003a, b Bianco et al., 2005b). 

Further improvement of microchemical methods for proteinaceous media was based on immunological techniques. The high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction enables the discrimination of the same protein coming from different species, or the detection of multiple antigens in the same sample. Application to the analysis of artwork has been reported in two types of immunological techniques immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [31]. 

The multivalency of peptide dendrimers has also been used to increase the binding avidity of antigens to antibodies in various immunological assays and diagnostic tests. 27,43,47,48,55-59 Examples in the literature have been reported where the MAP format increases the binding avidity and sensitivity, in some cases >100000 fold. In addition to immunology, MAP types of dendrimers have found applications in areas such as inhibitors, 44,45,51,60,61 artificial proteins, 62 affinity purification, 63 and intracellular transportation, 41 as well as in drug discovery. 53 ... 

Nagano, I., Pei, F., Wu, Z., Wu, J., Cui, H., Boonmars, T. and Takahashi, Y. (2004) Molecular expression of a cysteine proteinase of Clonorchis sinensis and its application to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis. Clinical, Diagnostic and Laboratory Immunology 11, 411 f16. 

From what has been learned over the past year during this assessment phase, The Aerospace Corporation and its subcontractors will be concentrating now on the development of better blood identification methodologies. Improved immunological and electrophoretic methods, as well as combinations of these and other new methods, are being explored for application to the forensic serology problem. Other new blood systems with even higher discrimination capabilities are known but have yet to be adapted for use with dried blood. 

Bellanti J, Malka-Rais J, Castro H, de Inocencio J, Sabra A (2003) Developmental immunology Clinical application to allergy-immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 90(6 Suppl 3) 2-6. 

Quantal data. The type of data generated by certain endpoints is not always applicable to the concepts of CA and IA, for example, quantal endpoints (providing yes or no answers instead of continuous data). Histological parameters or immunological responses may not be appropriate for concentration-response curve analysis due to serious deviations from the monotonous curve pattern. Such data, therefore, are also less suited for the determination of mixture interactions. 

This chapter deals with the application of immunological techniques to biochemical and molecular biological problems. We discuss the production of polyclonal antibodies and then a range of techniques that depend on the high specificity of antibody-antigen interactions. 

An introduction to the current techniques and methods of analytical and preparative biochemistry. In addition to the core methodologies of sample preparation, separation and analysis, the authors discuss the application of immunological and biophysical approaches to the study of biochemical systems, as well as advising on biochemical literature, equipment and safety aspects of laboratory work. 

Aslan, K., Holley, P., and Geddes, C. D. (2006). Microwave-Accelerated Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MAMEF) with silver colloids in 96-well plates Application to ultra fast and sensitive immunoassays. High Throughput Screening and drug discovery Journal of Immunological Methods-m-. 137-147. 

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