Blood identification

O Keeffe M, Hochrein H, Vremec D, et al. Dendritic cell precursor populations of mouse blood identification of the murine homologues of human blood plasmacytoid pre-DC2 and CDllc+ DC1 precursors. Blood 2003 101(4) 1453-1459. 

Blood and bloodstain analysis. The Aerospace Corporation has completed a survey and technical assessment of the state-of-the-art of forensic serological practices in the United States. Problems have been defined which currently limit the utilization of blood characterization techniques, and approaches have been identified which have the potential of solving these problems. This assessment was accomplished primarily through contacts with criminalistics laboratories, blood banks, industrial organizations which manufacture instrumentation and reagents for blood identification, and through an extensive search of the literature. 

From what has been learned over the past year during this assessment phase, The Aerospace Corporation and its subcontractors will be concentrating now on the development of better blood identification methodologies. Improved immunological and electrophoretic methods, as well as combinations of these and other new methods, are being explored for application to the forensic serology problem. Other new blood systems with even higher discrimination capabilities are known but have yet to be adapted for use with dried blood. 

Forensic serologists have had little success in identifying menstrual blood. With the increase in the number of sexual assaults (rape in particular) taking place each year, the analyst confronts the problem of menstrual blood identification more often. A recent publication reported the identification of... 

Sample Handling System. Venous or capillary blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are specimens routinely used in medical diagnostic testing. Of these biological fluids, the use of venous blood is by far the most prevalent. Collection devices such as syringes and partial vacuum test tubes, eg, Vacutainer, are used to draw ten milliliters or less of venous blood. At collection time, the test tubes are carefully labeled for later identification. 

The identification of benzene is most easily carried out by gas chromatography (83). Gas chromatographic analysis of benzene is the method of choice for determining benzene concentrations in many diverse media such as petroleum products or reformate, water, sod, air, or blood. Benzene in air can be measured by injection of a sample obtained from a syringe directiy into a gas chromatograph (84). 

The hemorrhagic diathesis in patients with coagulation disorders is because of either an abnormaUty of one or more plasma proteins and/or platelets necessary for normal blood coagulation or the spontaneous presence of a circulating anticoagulant. Specific laboratory techniques are required for the precise identification of these disorders. 

ATPase inhibitor. In such patients, inhibition of the sodium pump in the cells lining the blood vessel wall results in accumulation of sodium and calcium in these cells and the narrowing of the vessels to create hypertension. An 8-year study aimed at the isolation and identification of the agent responsible for these effects by researchers at the University of Maryland Medical School and the Upjohn Laboratories in Michigan recently yielded a surprising result. Mass spectrometric analysis of compounds isolated from many hundreds of gallons of blood plasma has revealed that the hypertensive agent is ouabain itself or a closely related molecule ... 

Positive identification of low-ppb (pg/L) levels of endosulfan in human blood has been achieved by GC equipped with a microcoulometric detector (GC/MC) (Griffith and Blanke 1974). Although GC/MC is specific and nearly as sensitive as GC/ECD for detecting endosulfan in blood, GC/MC is more difficult to operate. Both isomers of endosulfan can be measured in blood using a method described by Guardino et al. (1996). According to the authors, endosulfan can be recovered and measured with an approximate limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2 pg/L (sub-ppb). 

Nagata H, Worobec AS, Oh CK, et al Identification of a point mutation in the catalytic domain of the protooncogene c-kit in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients who have mastocytosis with an associated hematologic disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92 10560-10564. 

Table VI summarizes the material presented in the previous discussion. It correlates the changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures, showing the pathological causes for the imbalances. In addition, it contains the various diagnoses of acid-base abnormality (using same numbers as in Figures 1 and 2 and Table I). Considering the format of Table VI as a tic-tac-toe set-up, we can label the nine portions by the letters A-I for identification in Table VII which gives examples of various conditions associated with such blood gas abnormalities (20-30).

Culley FJ, Brown A, Conroy DM et al (2000) Eotaxin is specifically cleaved by hookworm metal-loproteases preventing its action in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 165 6447-6453 Davis DA, Singer KE, De La Luz Sierra M et al (2005) Identification of carboxypeptidase N as an enzyme responsible for C-terminal cleavage of stromal cell-derived factor-lalpha in the circulation. Blood 105 4561 568... 

Ramsey JD, Flanagan RJ. 1982. Detection and identification of volatile organic compounds in blood by headspace gas chromatography as an aide to the diagnosis of solvent abuse. J Chromatogr 240 423-444. 

In parallel with the identification of distinct transporters for GABA there has been continued interest in the development of selective blockers of these transporters and the therapeutic potential that could result from prolonging the action of synaptically released GABA. It has been known for a long time that certain pro-drugs of nipecotic add (e.g. nipecotic acid ethyl ester) are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and are effective anticonvulsants in experimental models of epilepsy. More recently, several different systemically active lipophillic compounds have been described that act selectively on GAT-1, GAT-2 or GAT-3 (Fig. 11.4). Of these, tiagabine (gabitiil), a derivative of nipecotic acid that acts preferentially on GAT -1, has proved clinically useful in cases of refractory epilepsy. 

Hypertension caused by any of these conditions is referred to as secondary hypertension. Identification of a secondary cause of hypertension is often not initially pursued unless suggested by routine clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patient, or failure to achieve blood pressure control. 

Like dyslipidemia, hypertension is a major, modifiable risk factor for the development of IHD and related complications. Unfortunately, awareness, treatment, and control of blood pressure are not nearly enough.30 Aggressive identification and control of hypertension is warranted in patients with IHD to minimize the risk of major adverse cardiac events. Goal blood pressure in patients with IHD is less than 140/90 mm Hg or less than 130/80 mm Hg in patients with diabetes. Because of their cardioprotective benefits, 3-blockers and ACE inhibitors (or ARBs in ACE-inhibitor-intolerant patients), either alone or in combination, are appropriate for most patients with both hypertension and IHD. 

The primary goal in the management of malaria is the rapid identification of the Plasmodium species by blood smears (both thick and thin smears repeated every 12 hours for 3 days). Antimalarial therapy should be initiated promptly to eradicate... 

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