Applications bactericides

This section includes veterinary applications. The antiviral, bactericidal, and antimicrobial applications of 2-aminothiazoles and 2-imino-4-thiazolines are summarized in Table VI-7. They show a marked anti-trichonomicidal activity, which has even been quantitatively measured by the Hansch approach (797). The antiparasitic action of these compounds has been investigated for some compounds and is summarized in Table VI-8 interesting results were obtained with aminotrozal (1348). 

The possible therapeutic applications of these alkaloids as proto-zooicidal agents, coronary dilators and ecbolics, and in nervous diseases, for example in the treatment of post-encephalitic conditions, have been discussed by a number of authors. The alkylharmols, referred to above, form part of an extensive series prepared by Coulthard, Levene and Pyman, and tested by these authors for bactericidal properties and by... 

A few commercial applications of benzofuroxans have been suggested in the Patent literature and elsewhere. A wide range of biological activity (fungicidal or fungistatic,bactericidal,i -parasiticidal,i3i and insecticidaP i i jj s been claimed for... 

Open recirculating systems These are more amenable to inhibition since it is possible to maintain a closer control on water composition. Corrosion inhibition in these systems is closely allied to a number of other problems that have to be considered in the application of water treatment. Most of these arise from the use of cooling towers, ponds, etc. in which the water is subject to constant evaporation and contamination leading to accumulation of dirt, insoluble matter, aggressive ions and bacterial growths, and to variations in pH. A successful water treatment must therefore take all these factors into account and inhibition will often be accompanied by scale prevention and bactericidal treatments. 

Water soluble starch capped nanoparticles proved to be efficient non-cytotoxic bactericidal agents at nanomolar concentrations. The investigation also suggested that starch capped CuNPs have great potential for use in biomedical applications such as cellular imaging or photothermal therapy. 

Squalene is an isoprenoid compound that is found in large quantities in shark liver and in smaller quantities in olives, rice bran and wheat germ. It is a bactericidal compound and an antioxidant and it aids in skin nutrition. Several cosmetic applications of rice bran and rice bran oil arise from the biological effects of their squalene, vitamin E and y-oryzanol content. Since these compounds are fat-soluble, rice bran oil is used for all these preparations. 

Pastes of calcium hydroxide with water have been used as pulp-capping materials for many years and it is the material of choice for this application (Granath, 1982). Its favourable tissue responses have been known for many years (Zander, 1939). It has a healing effect, for it induces the formation of hard tissues of reparative dentine when pulp has been exposed (Eidelman, Finn Koulourides, 1965). This action seems to be associated with its high alkalinity (pH 12-5) and consequent bactericidal and proteinlysing effect (Fisher, 1977). 

Antimicrobials also can be classified as possessing bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity in vitro. Bactericidal antibiotics generally kill at least 99.9% (3 log reduction) of a bacterial population, whereas bacteriostatic antibiotics possess antimicrobial activity but reduce bacterial load by less than 3 logs. Clinically, bactericidal antibiotics may be necessary to achieve success in infections such as endocarditis or meningitis. A full discussion of the application of antimicrobial pharmacodynamics is beyond the scope of this chapter, but excellent sources of information are available.15... 

There are not yet many products on the market that show bactericidal activity and meet at the same time the requirements for application in plastics ... 

PARABEN ESTERS Typical use concentrations 0.1 - 0.3% Low toxicity Dermatologically safe at typical use concentrations Over 70 years widespread use with an extremely low incidence rate of skin response GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe) in the USA Stable and active over a wide pH range Stable to heat Combinations of esters exhibit increased activity Approved for cosmetic applications worldwide Low water solubility Some nonionics inactivate to varying degrees May require addition of other preservatives, eg. bactericides Incompatible with some proteins... 

In recent years, the growing numbers of publications are concerned with ultra-fine metal oxide structures because of their useful applications as bactericides, adsorbents, energy storage media, magnetic data storage, and ferrofluids and specifically as catalysts [6, 7]. 

Pure Ti02 was recently reported to be active in the disinfection of water contaminated by spores of the type Fusarium solani [142], Bacillus anthracis [143], or Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts [144], or when supported as nanocomposites on zeolite H(i for E. coli deactivation [145], and it found applications in water treatment as a replacement for chlorine. Ag-Ti02 immobilized systems were used for inactivation of bacteria, coupling the visible light response of the system and the strong bactericidal effect of Ag [146]. Silver was deposited on hydroxyapatite to form nanocomposites with a high capacity for bacterial adsorption and inactivation [147], or used for airborne bacterial remediation in indoor air [148],... 

Different organic acids, primarily lactic acid, have been successfully used for decontamination of whole livestock carcasses, and the application of different organic acids used for decontamination has also been tested in the fruit and vegetable industry. Organic acids other than lactic acid that are known to have bactericidal effects are acetic, benzoic, citric, malic, propanoic, sorbic, succinic and tartaric acids (Betts and Everis 2005). The antimicrobial action is due to a reduction in the pH in the bacterial environment, disruption of membrane transport, anion accumulation or a reduction in the internal pH in the cell (Busta et al., 2001). Many fruits contain naturally occurring organic acids. Nevertheless, some strains, for example E. coli 0157, are adapted to an acidic environment. Its survival, in combination with its low infective dose, makes it a health hazard for humans. 

The applications of 1,2,5-oxadiazole iV-oxide and benzo[c][l,2,5]oxadiazole iV-oxide derivatives as compounds which have herbicidal activity are known. For example, the most active compound, butylcarbamoylbenzoL] 1,2,5-oxadiazole iV-oxide, displayed herbicidal activity at concentrations as low as 24 gha-1 <2000JFA2995>. The preparation of 5,7-disubstituted 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxane derivatives (2-chlorophenylamino, 2,5-dichlorophenyl-amino, 2-hydroxyphenylamino, or 4-bromophenylamino), which are useful as agricultural arachnicides and bactericides, was described <2005RUP2255935>. 

Siloxane compounds, in vitreous silica manufacture, 22 414 Siloxane materials, 20 240 Siloxane oligomers, in silicone polymerization, 22 555-556 Siloxanols, silylation and, 22 703 Silsesquioxane hybrids, 13 549 Silsesquioxanes, 15 188, 22 589-590 SilvaGas process, 3 696, 697 Silver (Ag), 22 636-667. See also Silver compounds. See Ag entries Argentothiosulfate complexes Batch desilverizing Lead-silver alloys Palladium-silver alloy membranes analytical methods for, 22 650-651 applications of, 22 636-637, 657-662 as bactericide, 22 656, 657, 660 barium alloys with, 3 344 in bimetallic monetary system, 22 647-648 in cast dental gold alloys, 8 307t coke formation on, 5 266 colloidal precipitation color, 7 343t colloidal suspensions, 7 275 color, 7 334, 335... 

In the British Patents1 we claimed the use of this type of compounds as insecticides,2 bactericides and fungicides, and indicated their general clinical application. 

Five compounds classified as priority pollutants contain an ether moiety and halogen atoms attached to the aryl and alkyl groups. Five pesticides are suspected to contain at least one compound from this class. B/i(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) is used as a raw material in two pesticides BCEE itself functions as a fungicide or bactericide in certain applications. In the other three pesticides, the ethers are suspected to be present as raw material impurities. 

Several experiments have shown the bactericidal effect of fluoride ions at high concentrations [180,181]. This effect generally occurs at concentrations well above those generally observed in saliva however, the use of fluoridated toothpaste or dental topical applications of fluoride may temporarily elevate the fluoride concentration in the oral cavity to bactericidal levels. It has been demonstrated that fluoride affects the metabolism of oral bacteria and reduces its acid tolerance. It is most effective at acidic pH values and, for example, fluoride levels as low as 0.1 mM can cause the complete arrest of glycolysis by Steptococcus mutans. It has been suggested that modifying the biological fluids related to the presence... 

Applications of the inhibition of enzymes of the shikimic pathway have given rise to the synthesis of numerous fluorinated derivatives of shikimic acid, especially for applications in crop sciences (bactericides, fungicides, herbicides). " Due to the lack of precise data on the inhibition mechanism, these examples are not considered here. 

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