Vegetable oil Industry

Hydrogenation involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to the double bonds in the fatty acid chain. The process is carried out at a high temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrogenation reduces the degree of unsaturation of fat and increases its hardness. It is used on an industrial scale in the vegetable oil industry. 

Cottonseed oil, America s original vegetable oil, dominated the United States vegetable oil market for almost 100 years. The English and European vegetable oil industry was based on a variety of oilseeds and tree fruits available in the home countries and their colonies, bu t cottonseed was the principal raw material for vegetable oil processors in the United States until the mid-twentieth century. In... 

Of the above discussed sources of GLA, the commercial oils are mainly produced from borage and evening primrose. Black currant oil is limited as a result of availability of seeds for oil production, whereas hemp is still subject to trade restrictions in many countries because of the potential tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC) content. Echium is a new crop and has not been commercialized to any signihcant extent so far. All of these seeds are processed following general methods of oil extraction common in the vegetable oil industry as discussed here. 

Modern flaking mills are manufactured in capacities of 300 to 500 tons per day. Figure 5 illustrates a modem, high-capacity flaking mill. Buhler of Switzerland and CPM Roskamp of the United States are the major suppliers of flaking mills to the vegetable oil industry. 

Modem wet extmders can process up to 1500 tons per day of flakes per unit. They are equipped with variable orifice apertures to aid cleaning after power stoppages. Figure 6a illustrates a modem, high-capacity Expander. Anderson International of the United States and Technal of Brazil are the two major suppliers of wet extmders used in the vegetable oil industry. 

M. oleifera oil has been characterized for different properties (15,47,127). M. oleifera has high contents of oil which makes it a potential raw material for the vegetable oil industry. Oil contents ranging between 25.1 and 41.4% have been reported depending on the extraction medium (2,15). The oil contents in the leaves ranges between 5.4 and 10.6% (6,40). However, the oil contents depend on a number of factors with significant variations in oil content as a function of season and agroclimatic locations (4,127). 

Plant geneticists revolutionized the vegetable oil industry with modified fatty acid composition oils, and we can expect that the amounts and types of minor oil constituents can be modified as well. The difference in the eflFects of tocopherols in vivo and in vitro highlights the conflict between choosing an oil based on nutritional benefits versus selecting an oil for its oxidative stability. 

S. Z. Erhan, Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils, Industry Publications Services, London, 2005. 

Inan, Dimoglo, Simsek, and Karpuzcu (2004) report some unexplored kinds of wastewater for biohydrogen production, such as vegetable oil industry wastewaters with low pH value. Lin et al. (2012) describe combinations of two types of wastewater... 

Cheryan, M. (2005). Membrane technology in the vegetable oil industry. TL, USA Agricultural Bioprocess Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign. 

The production of food and fodder, energy (heat, fuels), chemicals, and materials from biomass defines the fundamentals of the vegetable biorefinery. Following the growing interest in a sustainable society, the vegetable oil industry so far mainly focused on the... 

The determination of metal content in products of the vegetable oil industry is supported by foreign as well as domestic prescriptions. 

The principal seeds are peanuts (10,400,000 tons), cottonseed (13,-200,000 tons), and soybeans (18,900,000 tons). In the United States, the cottonseed and soybeans are sources of edible vegetable oil for production of cooking oils, shortenings, and oleomargarine. The oil-free residue of the vegetable oil industry is used as a livestock feed, and a small quantity of soybean meal is used in the manufacture of adhesives. Peanuts are used primarily as foods in the United States. Traditionally in areas of major production, except the United States, the oilseeds have been used as livestock feeds and exported to Europe. However, in recent years vegetable oil industries, similar to those in the United States and Europe, have been developed in other countries, particularly in India and South America. 

Leonard EC. 1992. High-Erucic Vegetable Oils. Industrial Crops and Products 1(2-4) 119-123. 

A number of engineering Arms around the world design and manufacture deodorizers to meet the needs of the vegetable oil industry, in many instances offering unique equipment designs, detailed descriptions of which can be readily found in the literature [35]. The following sections summarize the general characteristics of the three classes of deodorizers batch, semicontinuous, and continuous. 

A typical application of SRNF is found in the vegetable oil industry. It is estimated that more than 2 million tons of extraction solvent is used in the United States alone. Starting from seed from plants as soybean or sunflower, oil is obtained by solvent extraction, eventually in combination with mechanical extraction. Hexane is by far the most common extraction solvent. Currently, evaporation is used to recover these solvents and reuse them in the process, which requires a considerable amount of energy, approximately 530 kJ/kg oil. In addition, the elevated temperatures hold a risk on thermal damage, and explosive vapors may create safety problems (Raman et al., 1996). These Umitations can be partially overcome by membrane technology. 

Membranes can be used in many areas of the vegetable oil industry conceptually they can be applied to almost all stages of oil production and purification... 

Cheryan, M. (2005). Membrane technology in the vegetable oil industry. Membr. Technol. 2, 5. Critchley, J. P., Knight, G. J., and Wright, W. W. (1983). Heat Resistant Polymers. Plenum,... 

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