Application-specific system

Beyond perfonnance optimization, issues relative to packaging and the need for compliance with certain safety and electronics regulatory codes are cited as reasons for a customized solution. In the latter case, a systems approach is required, especially when attempting to meet the code or performance requirements for compliance with European Certification (CE) mark or electrical and fire safety codes such as National Eire Prevention Association (NFPA) and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechiucal Standardization). Off-the-shelf electronics may provide the necessary performance characteristics for generic applications, and their use eliminates large expenses related to product development, plus the associated time delays. Photonics-related components are solely addressed in this section because they are used to customize instruments for application-specific systems. 

Shi Z, Lee RB (2000) Bit permutation instructions for accelerating software cryptography. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on application-specific systems. Architectures and Processors 2000 (ASAP 2000), Boston, MA, USA, 10-12 July 2000, pp 138-148... 

Everett, W.W. Software component reUabihty analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Application - Specific Systems and Software Engineering and Technology, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 204-211 (1999)... 

Jenn, E., Arlat, J., Rimen, M., Ohlsson, J., Karlsson, J. Fault Injection into VHDL Models The MEFISTO Tool. In Twenty-Fourth International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, FTCS-24. Digest of Papers., pp. 66-75 (1994) Kienhuis, B., Deprettere, E., Vissers, K., van der Wolf, P. An Approach for Quantitative Analysis of Application-Specific Dataflow Architectures. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors, pp. 338-349 (1997)... 

A microfluidic platform provides a set of unit operations (fluidic handling), which are designed for easy combination within a well-defined fabrication technology, where the monolithic approach is the most commonly used. The platform allows the implementation of different application-specific systems (assays) in an easy and... 

Application-Specific Hardware. Another interesting trend is the development of appHcation-specific hardware. These systems are usually minimally programmable, but can offer exceptional performance on the class of problem for which they are designed. A particularly interesting appHcation-specific processor for molecular mechanics is currently being developed (31). 

The K coefficient values for each of the items of pipe, bends, valves, fittings, contractions, enlargements, entrance/exits into/from vessels are additive as long as they are on the same size basis (see Table 2-2 and Figures 2-12A through 2-16). Thus the resistance equation is applicable to calculate the head or pressure loss through the specific system when the combined Rvalue is used. 

Tabulated results have been avoided since these are either obtained from carefully controlled laboratory tests or from specific systems and would thus require much qualification before their application to other systems. 

Recent trends in rocket propint development and most of the recent developments in SP are for rocket and not gun proplnts, were directed toward the attainment of higher energy systems (actually higher specific impulse). Unfortunately, the use of exotic components presents grave stability problems which are yet to be overcome. Some energetic plasticizers have been developed and in some applications specific impulse has been increased substantially by substituting Be for Al. Much of this subject remains classified... 

Mass transfer across the liquid-solid interface in mechanically agitated liquids containing suspended solid particles has been the subject of much research, and the data obtained for these systems are probably to some extent applicable to systems containing, in addition, a dispersed gas phase. Liquid-solid mass transfer in such systems has apparently not been studied separately. Recently published studies include papers by Calderbank and Jones (C3), Barker and Treybal (B5), Harriott (H4), and Marangozis and Johnson (M3, M4). Satterfield and Sherwood (S2) have reviewed this subject with specific reference to applications in slurry-reactor analysis and design. 

Since data obtained for dehydration reactions of alums give Q /Q ratios of around unity and also of the order 103, it seems probable that both models may be applicable in specific systems. 

Dougherty and co-workers have conducted an especially detailed treatment of matrix effects in inhomogeneous solids, and have developed several valuable tools for modeling the kinetics of such systems. The details and applications of these methods on specific systems will be described later in this chapter. 

The paper is structured to be read at three levels. The main thread of the text is a review of fundamentals and previous studies. Illustrations focusing on specific systems or more detailed elaboration of concepts are interspersed in the text. Many of these include new results they form a second level that can be read as independent subunits. Finally, the conclusions of each section, especially those with significance for practical applications, are summarized as heuristics]. 

Systems have been developed by some of the major spectrometer manufacturers to deal specifically with this type of application. These systems are designed with automation very much a priority. Typically, an integrated robot adds a predetermined volume of solvent to each of the wells and then injects the resultant solution into a flow line that transfers it into the spectrometer s probe, which is of course fitted with a flow cell. Spectroscopy can then be performed without the time constraints of the HPLC-NMR system and the sample returned to the well on the plate where it came from, or into a fresh one if required. 

Taken together, all of these points suggest that it might be possible to prepare a toolkit consisting of the essential components of an ES, apart from the knowledge base, and then fill it with application-specific data. This is such a useful way to work that in all expert systems there is a clean separation between the information that the ES manipulates and the tools that are required to perform that manipulation. This division between the part of an ES that changes between applications and that which is constant has led to the development of the expert system shell. 

Cross-flow filtration systems utilize high liquid axial velocities to generate shear at the liquid-membrane interface. Shear is necessary to maintain acceptable permeate fluxes, especially with concentrated catalyst slurries. The degree of catalyst deposition on the filter membrane or membrane fouling is a function of the shear stress at the surface and particle convection with the permeate flow.16 Membrane surface fouling also depends on many application-specific variables, such as particle size in the retentate, viscosity of the permeate, axial velocity, and the transmembrane pressure. All of these variables can influence the degree of deposition of particles within the filter membrane, and thus decrease the effective pore size of the membrane. 

Onset temperature temperature at which a detectable temperature increase is first observed due to a chemical reaction it depends entirely on the detection sensitivity of the specific system involved scale-up of onset temperatures and application of rules-of-thumb concerning onset temperatures are subject to many errors. 

A distributed control system might control heating and cooling equipment and other loads such as lighting. Distributed control is applied at each piece of equipment to provide application specific control. 

In this review, chemical shifts and coupling constants of simple dienes will first be summarized, and the theory of chemical shift for dienes and polyenes will then be reviewed. Finally, the recent applications of NMR spectroscopy to a variety of polyenes and dienes and specific systems (allenes, solitons and fullerenes) will be reviewed. 

Most microhotplate-based chemical sensors have been realized as multi-chip solutions with separate transducer and electronics chips. One example includes a gas sensor based on a thin metal film [16]. Another example is a hybrid sensor system comprising a tin-oxide-coated microhotplate, an alcohol sensor, a humidity sensor and a corresponding ASIC chip (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) [17]. More recent developments include an interface-circuit chip for metal oxide gas sensors and the conccept for an on-chip driving circuitry architecture of a gas sensor array [18,19]. 

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