Application Concepts

Typical coat weights for graphic papers are given in Fig. 7.28, plotted against the basis weight of the base paper. The coat weight is typically 25-40% of the final basis weight of the paper. 

Wood-containing papers are mainly single-coated (LWC). Coat weights are usually between 5 and 10 g m per side. Traditionally, the coat is applied with a blade coater. More modern installations use a film press for the single coat. 

At higher basis weights (MWC), two coat layers may be applied per paper side. Here, the top coat is usually a blade coat The pre oat may be either a film or a blade coat 

Woodfree papers cover a very wide basis weight range. Depending on the basis weight the application can be single coat, double coat or triple coat The coat weight per layer can vary in a wide range between approximately 8 and 20 g m.  

For board grades, the coat weight depends on the requirements of the final product and on the quality of the base board. Coverage, brightness and smoothness are the main properties that are improved by the coating. Depending on the required coat weight two or three coat layers are applied. 

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SMUD s approach introduced another distributed application concept for PV, called building integrated photovoltaics or BIPV. Currently Japan has one of the largest BIPV programs, started in 1996. The sim-... 

Murrill, P. W. (1988) Application Concepts of Process Control (Instrument Society of America). 

Figure 1.5. Schematic of a fully integrated macroelectronic system and an example of an application concept for macroelectronic systems, (a) Building blocks for a generic macrosystem, (b) Mockup of a large-area antenna array. [Figure courtesy of Sarnoff Corporation. Used with permission.]...

As in Tier-2, not further specified due to lack of systematic, broadly applicable concepts or... 

R353 A. Haase, F. Odoj, M. Von Kienlin, J. Warnking, F. Fidler, A. Weisser, M. Nittka, E. Rommel, T. Lanz, B, Kalusche and M. Griswold, NMR Probeheads for in Vivo Applications , Concepts Magn. Reson., 2000,12, 361... 

Conceptual model A data model that describes application concepts at an abstract level. A conceptual model for an application may be amenable to implementation using different database management systems. 

Data type A set of instances of an application concept with an associated set of legal operations in which instances of the concept can participate. Some data types are primitive (e.g., integer, string) insofar as they are supported by the DBMS directly (and, hence, are not application specific). Some are application specific (e.g., gene). Some data types are atomic (e.g., integer) and some are complex (e.g., address, comprising street name, state, etc.). Some data types are scalar (e.g., integer) and some are bulk, or collection (e.g., sets, lists). 

The relational data model makes available one single data type, referred to as a relation. Informally, a relation can be thought of as a table, with each row corresponding to an instance of the application concept modeled by that relation and each column corresponding to the values of a property that describes the instances. Rows are referred to as tuples and column headers as attributes. More formal definitions now follow. 

Rather than a single data type, as is the case with the relational data model, an object-oriented data model makes available to application developers a collection of type constructors with which complex, application-specific types can be built. The immediate effect of this approach, in contrast with the relational case, is that more complex application data can be modeled more directly in the database. Instead of having to break down one application concept into many relations, the complex structure needed to model the concept is often directly represented by a combination of type constructors provided by the data model. 

Starting after the turn of the millennium with the exploration of droplet-based microfluidic operations and conceptional work on initial application concepts, recent research activities are directed toward an efficient, model-based design and cost-efficient preparation of droplet-based lab-on-a-chip devices. 

R 350 J.C. Facelli, Calculations of Chemical Shieldings. Theory and Applications , Concepts Magn.Reson., A, 2004,20A,42... 

In this chapter three topics related to photosensitization and photocatalysis of polypyridyl complexes are discussed types of excited states encountered and "tuning" of their properties, light-induced electron and energy transfer reactions and their applications. Concepts are illustrated with select examples, with references made only to mononuclear complexes. A comprehensive review of the photophysics and photochemistry of various polypyridine complexes has been published recently [13]. In the accompanying chapter, Scandola et al. discuss extension of the photophysics and photoredox chemistry to polynuclear systems. 

The considerations above resulted in the design of the ACACIA (Advanced Atomic Cogenerator for Industrial Applications) concept, a 60 MW(th), 23 MW(e) (maximum) nuclear plant design with an indirect Brayton cycle [XIX-3, XIX-4]. The principal stakeholder for ACACIA is Nuclear Research and consultancy Group (NRG), the Netherlands. 

Due to specifics of the expected BMN-170 application, concept development did not address special market requirements in particular, requirements of developing countries and specific features of their nuclear power options were not considered. 

The kineticist likes to reduce his problem so that optimum use can be made of thermodynamics by treating the difficult time-dependent part separately. This requires approximations which turn out to be very useful and widely applicable. Concepts such as the steady-state approximation, as well as sequences of elemen-... 

Micropores having widths not exceeding 2 nm. Since the concept of surface of a solid body is a macroscopic notion, surface area loses its significance when micropores are present, however pore volume remains an applicable concept... 

Particularly more and more color harmony is required between the car body and the plastic parts. This can be very challenging because most off-line apphcation methods are not at all similar to that of the car-body paint hues. In an attempt to improve this color harmony, conveyor systems have been built to hang and carry the plastic parts in car-body position through the plastic paint hne. Also the application concept with the typical electrostatic atomizer is in use, similar to that used with the car body. Examples of robot types used in Europe are ABB and Fanuc. 

JCI-DFRCC Committee, DRFRCC terminology and application concepts , J. Advanced Conors Technology. 1, 2003, 335-340. 

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