Apparatus, bench-scale test

Apparatus There are several variations of the bench-scale test leaf that may be used, but they all have features similar to the one discussed below. 

Outer view of the bench-scale test apparatus. 

One week continuous hydrogen production with the bench-scale test apparatus—relationship between operation time and integrated amount of H2 and 02. 

As described in Annex 3, the amount of level swell increases with gas or vapour superficial velocity. At bench-scale, the superficial velocity due to runaway will be very low compared with that at plant-scale, so that very little level swell occurs in bench scale tests, even for Inherently foamy fluids. However, some level swell at bench-scale is required to determine whether the reacting system is inherently foamy or not. For tempered systems, this can be achieved by rapid depressurisation of the test cell to give flashing and a consequent high superficial velocity, and this is one of the ways in which the DIERS bench-scale apparatus can be used. (Note that... 

The NBS smoke chamber is the most commonly used bench-scale test apparatus for measuring the optical density of smoke. The apparatus and test procedure are described in ASTM E 662. The method was developed at the NBS in the 1960s.69... 

In this work, however, tests were desired to allow screening of hydrocaibon/catalyst combinations through measurenoenis of endotberm of reaction, extent of conversion, and identification of reaction products. However, the atmospheric-pressure bench scale test apparatus has been described elsewhere [11]. Parametric studies of the catalytic decomposition of n-heptane and cyclohexane were conducted to provide their stoichiometric analysis. The propo independent stoichiometric equations describing the catalytic decomposition of cyclohexane are ... 

Bench-Scale Test Apparatus. A schematic diagram of the bench-scale test apparatus is shown in Figure 2. This apparatus is used to test the feasibility of gasifying wastes before pilot-scale tests are performed. The waste throughput of the bench-scale apparatus is 1 to 3 kg h-1 (2 to 6 lb/h), Approximately 5.5 kg (12 lb) of molten salt are contained in a 15-cm ID by 76-cm high alumina tube placed inside a type 321 stainless steel... 

Closed-cycle continuous hydrogen production test using a bench-scale test apparatus made of glass. [5]... 

Figure 9 shows the bench-scale test apparatus and the test results. Continuous hydrogen production for one week was demonstrated with an automatic reaction control system, where the hydrogen production rate was about 31 NL/h [6]. 

A bench-scale test facility for hydrogen production using the thermochemical iodine-sulfur (IS) process has been established at JAERI to verify the hydrogen production, to study the conditions for the reactions, and to gain experience for a large-scale plant [74]. The three reactions (see appendix A.2.3.) are performed in separate sections of the apparatus, the Bunsen reaction and the sulfuric acid decomposition at the same time to avoid SO2 storage (see Fig. 4-8). The process requires temperatures of 800 to 900 °C. Its feasibility was successfully demonstrated in a glass, quartz, and teflon lab-scale apparatus. In the course of six cycles completed, the total amounts of H2 and O2 produced were 16.4 1 and 9.9 1, respectively. The thermal efficiency achieved, however, was much smaller than the theoretical one of 47 - 50 % [44]. In late 1997, the continuous operation of the IS process cycle as a closed loop over 48 h resulted in the production of 44.8 1 of H2 [75]. 

The mercury removal performance of the activated carbon samples produced in this study were measured both in a bench-scale test apparatus and in a sorbent injection pilot-plant. 

The PHI-TEC or VSP bench scale apparatus can be employed to determine information about the self-heat rate and vapor disengagement when this is not readily available. Additionally, the VSP equipment can be used for flashing flow characteristics using a special bottom vented test cell. Here, the flowrate, Gq (kg/sm ), is measured... 

Bench-Scale Apparatus Design and Test Results... 

The initial bench-scale experimental investigations into solvent extraction processes are conducted with small apparatus, such as separating funnels. Following the successful completion of these tests, when the best reagent and other conditions for the system have been established, small-scale continuous operations are run, such as in a small mixer-settler unit. The data so obtained are used to determine scale-up factors for pilot plant or plant design and operation (see Chapters 7 and 8). 

A reactor of volume 3.5 m3 has a design pressure of 14 barg. A worst case relief scenario has been identified in which a gassy decomposition reaction occurs. The mass of reactants in the reactor would be 2500 kg. An open cel test has been performed in a DIERS bench-scale apparatus, in which the volume of the gas space in the apparatus was 3,800 ml, and the mass of the sample was 44.8 g. The peak rate of pressure rise was 2,263 N/m2s at. a temperature of 246°C, and the corresponding rate of temperature rise was 144°C/minute. (These values include corrections for thermal inertia.) The pressure in the containment vessel corresponding to the peak rate was 20.2 bara. 

CLOSED AND OPEN TEST CELLS FOR THE DIERS BENCH-SCALE APPARATUS... 

Evaluation of Fuel Properties with Coke Deposition. Considerable effort has been spent in the development of a test based on either fuel properties or bench-scale apparatus which will correlate with the coking performance of fuels in engines and provide a control method for fuel specifications. As few planned engine data are available, much of the effort has been to relate the results to single-combustor testing. 

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