HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND USES

Captive hydrogen Sources Supply (10 mVday) Uses %)  

Most of ths carbon monoxide (bp,.on = 191.47°C, f at boiling point 0.787) consumed in the world is used in the form of gas mixtures containing hydrogen in particular. Small amounts, less than about 3 per cent volume, are used as the purified product. 

Like hydrogen, carbon mouoxide is mainly produced by steam reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbon or organic raw materials. However, it is also present in many industrial wastes from which it can be isolated (gases from blast furnaces, oxygen refining 

Its applicatious, which are usually captive, in the form of synthesis gas, are discussed in the sections concerning the manufacture of the maj or petrochemical intermediates which it yields  

However, other uses, including the production of phosgene, acrylates, acetic add, certain o o alcohols etc, require its use in purified form. 

2 Carbon monoxide manufacture by absorption (Tenneco process) 

Two sources estimate that merchant hydrogen production in the USA constitutes 10% to 12% of total hydrogen production163,165. (Note Merchant hydrogen refers to hydrogen that is produced by one company and sold to another.) From 1994 to 1999 merchant hydrogen production grew at a rate of 

23% per year. And from 1999 through 2003 it is forecast to grow at a rate of 14% per year. Demand for merchant hydrogen in the USA is summarized in Table 5.3160,165  

Year (Billion Standard Cubic Feet per Year) (% per Year) 

If you wish to convert the values in the above tables into different units, Table 5.5 provides the conversion factors  

SCF (standard cubic feet) gas is measured at one atmosphere and 70 °F (21.1 °C). Nm3 (normal cubic meters) gas is measured at one atmosphere and 0 °C. Liquid is measured at 1 atmosphere and the boiling temperature. 

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Committe on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production and Use. The Hydrogen Economy Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R D Needs. The National Academic Press, Washington, 2004. 

Session 5 Economics and market analysis of hydrogen production and use Chairs Franck Carre (CEA), Jan van Erp (ANL)... 

Conclusions economics and market analyses of hydrogen production and use are subjects of active studies, in spite of uncertainties due to the developmental stage of the technologies ... 

SESSION V ECONOMICS AND MARKET ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND USE... 

All this, of course, requires that economically competitive technologies will be developed. As the costs of oil, gas, and coal continue to increase, the potential economic competitiveness of hydrogen production is becoming more real daily. Accordingly, it is essential that we move forward as rapidly as we can with research and development programs involving hydrogen production and use. 

Committee on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production and Use... 

Bill Innes, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Corporation, Issues Confronting Future Hydrogen Production and Use for Transportation, presentation to tiie committee, June 12, 2003. 

DOE. 2003d. Opportunities for Hydrogen Production and Use in the Industrial Sector. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Energy, May. 

Economics of Hydrogen Production and Use Joan Ogden, Princeton University... 

Committee on alternatives and strategies for future hydrogen production and use, National Research Council. The hydrogen economy Opportunities, costs, harriers, and R D needs. The National Academy... 

A. Matzakos, S. L. Wellington, T. Mikus and J. M. Ward, Integrated flameless distributed combustion/steam reforming membrane reactor for hydrogen production and use thereof in zero emissions hybrid power system, U.S. Patent 6 821 501, 2004. 

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