Apiculture

The water content in honey is generally less than 20%. Any excess of water can be removed by centrifugation or vacuum evaporation. If water is artificially added into honeys, it can cause honey fermentation. The water content in honey needs to be in a normal range such as 15.5-18.6% as recommended by the Eastern Apicultural Society of North America. 

In the field of apiculture, legal limits were set for HMF content in honeys [49], as a tool to check both for applied technology (pasteurization) and for aging, while furosine is not an official parameter at present, but several researches were carried out on its application to royal jelly quality control [50,51]. 

Summarizing, the use of natural products as miticides in apiculture, with the exception of some substances, is not widespread. In extensive laboratory tests many compounds showed significant acaricidal properties. However, very few of them have proven to be effective when applied in field trials. Considerable variations in local environmental and colony conditions can affect efficacy. In case of mixtures, such as essential oils, the difficulty in obtaining standardized compounds also affects treatment predictability. Nevertheless, identifying new acaricide compounds with low toxicity to honey bees is fundamental for providing candidate compounds for field trials. Furthermore, the development of... 

Have I got a picture for you, he said. There s a famous illustration (Figure 20) in an Exultet roll that was written and illustrated not far from here in the eleventh century. The script is the Bari dialect of Beneventan. The Exultet roll takes its name from the opening words of the Easter service in which the paschal candle is blessed. Naturally the bees come in for blessing as the providers of beeswax, and in this particular roll mediaeval apiculture is vividly illustrated. I ll show you a picture of it tomorrow and you ll notice... 

This design will not be discussed in detail as the author has not found instances in industrial work where the comparison of such large numbers of treatments is necessary. It is described here, however, as it is the simplest of a series of such designs. A general description with references is by F. Yates Empire Journal of Experimental Apiculture VIII, page 223, 1940. Descriptions and methods of computation of several are in C. H. Goulden "Methods of Statistical (John Wiley) 1939. 

Two dozen geographic races of the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, have been recognized, adapted to a range of environments from the cold continental climate of Eastern Europe, through the moist temperate climate of the Atlantic seaboard, the warmth of the Mediterranean, and the heat of the tropics and semi-deserts. Only four of these races need be considered for apiculture in Europe, namely A. m. mellifera, A. m. ligustica, A. m. carnica, and A. m. caucasica which present different morphological and behavioral characteristics [2,3]. 

Devillers, J. and Dord, J.C. (2000). Etude Bibliographique des Effets Ecotoxi-cologiques des Xenobiotiques vis-a-vis de lAbeille. Contrat Programme Com-munautaire sur I Apiculture 2000. p. 179. 

Heller, J.J., Baumeister, R., Mattioda, H. and Tasei, J.N. (1990). A new method to test the hazards of insecticide spraying on Megachile rotundata F. Trials in tunnels. In Proceedings of the IVth International Symposium on The Harmonization of Methods for Testing the Toxicity of Pesticides to Bees (Research Institute of Apiculture at Dol, Czechoslovakia, Ed.). May 15-18, Rez, Czechoslovakia, pp. 41-45. 

In order to determine the change in radioactive contamination in the French honeys, we measured the concentrations of " Cs and Cs in 14 honeys collected and analyzed in 1999/2000 (Table 9.2). The Ardeche department (07) was principally selected to gather the samples because, first, it was highly contaminated after the Chernobyl accident the Cs concentration in the surface soil layer of this department ranged from 2065 to 12260Bq/m [3]. Second, in this department it was also possible to find various types of honeys, especially those obtained from xerophytes and aromatic plants which are known to accumulate radionuclides. The last sample in Table 9.2 was selected because it was obtained from an apicultural center of research (Bures-sur-Yvette, INRA) and because this honey was harvested in a rainy department for which, in 1986, no measurement of radioactivity was made, but for which measurements on pollens were available [4]. 

Environment (AREA) of Emilia Romagna (provincial section of Rimini), the laboratory of the Centro Studi Ambientali (CSA - Environmental Studies Center) research institute of Rimini and the National Institute of Apiculture of Bologna (INA). For the analyses carried out at INA, at present we prefer to use a method in which the sample to be analyzed is purihed by means of phosphatic precipitation so that interfering elements are ehminated before it undergoes separation with methylene chloride. This method ensures better chromatograms for a multiresidual technique as well as cleaner instruments [67]. 

The smoke was produced from cardboard and sprayed with an apicultural smoker directly onto the honey. All aliquots came from the same honey sample. 

Readers are refered to the journal Food and Apicultural Immunology where a majority of the papers deal with food monitoring by immunoassay. 

Robacker, D.C. Flottum, P.K. Sammataro, D. (1983). Effects of climatic and edaphic factors on soybean flowers and of the subsequent attractiveness of the plants to honey bees. Field Crops Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 267-278, ISSN 0378-4290 Roberts, R.B. (1979). Spectrophotometric analysis of sugars produced by plants and harvested by insects. Journal of Apicultural Research, Vol. 18, p. 191-195, ISSN 2078-6913... 

Ozkirim, A., N. Keskin, M. Kurkcuoglu, and K.H.C. Baser, 2007. Screening alternative antibiotics-essential oils from Seseli spp. against Paenibacillus larvae snbsp. larvae strains isolated from different regions of Tnrkey. In 40th Apimondia Intematiorml Apicultural Congress, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, September 9-14, 2007. 

This chapter focuses on the chemical ecology of bees. Collaboration among behaviorists, field biologists, systematists, and chemists has led to a surge of publications on the natural product chemistry of these insect exocrine secretions. This has been stimulated by those with practical interests in apiculture and medicine (bee and wasp stings kill more people annually in the USA than do snake bites). 

Bradbear, Nicola. Beekeeping and Sustainable Livelihoods FAO Diversification Booklet No. 1. Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004. This short treatise discusses apiary management as a sustainable s ricultural enterprise. Connor, Lawrence John, ed. Asian Apiculture Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Asian Honey Bees and Bee Mites. Cheshire, Conn. Wicwas Press, 1993. Overview of the impact of Asian mites such as varroa. 

Dedej, S. and Nazzi, F. (1994) Two distances of forewing venation as estimates of wing size. Journal of Apicultural Research, 33 59-61. 

Department of Pomology and Apiculture Agricultural University of Krakow Krakow, Poland... 

Fumagillin is an antibiotic agent produced by a fungal strain and used in human clinical medicine in the treatment of infections in immuno-depressed patients, and in apiculture. It was also shown that this terpenoid possessed an angiogenic activity by inhibition of a methionine amino peptidase (MetAP) [SIN 97], MetAP has become a new target in research into new antitumoral compounds. 

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