Mastitis bovine

Madsen, P.S., Klastrup, O., Olsen, S.J. and Pedersen, P.S. (1974), Herd incidence of bovine mastitis in four Danish dairy districts, i. The prevalence and mastitogenic effect of microorganisms in the mammary glands of cows . Nordisk Veterinaermedicin, 26, 473 182. 

Myllys, V., Honkanen-Buzalski, T., Huovinen, P., Sandholm, M. and Nurmi, E. (1994), Association of changes in the bacterial ecology of bovine mastitis with changes in the use of milking machines and antibacterial drugs . Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 363-369. 

Walkenhorst, M., Garbe, S., Klocke, P., Merck, C.C., Notz, C., Riisch, P. and Spranger, J. (2001), Strategies for prophylaxis and therapy of bovine mastitis , in Positive Health Preventive Measures and Alternative Strategies, Proceedings of the Fifth NAHWOA Workshop, Rodding/DK, 27-32. 

Wilson, D.J., Case, K.L., Gonzalez, R.N. and Flan, Fl.R. (1998), Bacteriologic cure rates for bovine mastitis cases with no treatment or with eight different antibiotics , in Proceedings of the National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Arlington/USA, 273-274. 

Woolford, M.W., Williamson, J.H., Day, A.M. and Copeman, P.J. (1998), The prophylactic effect of a teat sealer on bovine mastitis during the dry period and the following lactation . New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 46, 12-19. 

Potential therapeutic applications of host defense peptides also include the lantibiotic nisin. Indeed, nisin has had an impressive history as a food preservative with FDA approval in 1988 for use in pasteurized, processed cheese spreads. The attractiveness of nisin as a potential therapeutic is also enhanced due to its relative resistance to proteases and broad spectrum Gram-positive antimicrobial activity including multidrug-resistant strains. Biosynexus Inc. has licensed the use of nisin for human clinical applications and Immucell Corp. has licensed the use of Mast Out, an antimastitic nisin-containing product, to Pfizer Animal Health." Indeed, nisin formulations have been used as an active agent in the topical therapies Mast Out and Wipe-Out for bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disorder of the udder that is the most persistent disease in dairy cows." ... 

A senior British government veterinarian stated in 1962 (3)> When penicillin was first used in treating mastitis only 2% of the strains of staphylococci recovered from cases of mastitis were resistant to penicillin. Today the figure is over 70%. Between 1958 and 1961, resistance to penicillin (PEN) increased from 62.0% to 70.6%. Resistance to streptomycin (STR), tetracycline and chloramphenicol also increased (. Antibiotic resistance increased for isolates of both mastitis staphylococci and streptococci in Canada between I960 and 1967 (5). In Belgium (6), Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis showed increase in PEN resistance from 38% in 1971 to 78% in 1974> but then no further increase to 1980. The resistance situation was reported to remain stable in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1962 and 1975 (7), as also in Australia between 1974 and 1979 (8 ) and Denmark, at a very low level, for the period 1963 to 1978 (9). 

In the U.S., unlike most nations, some antibiotic products for mastitis therapy are available to the dairyman without a veterinary prescription. For FDA approval of an over-the-counter intramammary infusion product, it is required that adequate directions for use be written so that the layman can use the drug safely and for the purposes for which it is intended. The following antibiotics are currently approved and marketed for intramammary infusion in treatment of bovine mastitis (26) ... 

Nowadays, one stated objective of much of the more imaginative mastitis research is the reduction in our dependence on antibiotics and other exogenous chemicals to control bovine mastitis. Achievement of this goal is nowhere in sight. And so, we are left dependent upon antimicrobial therapy, despite its many limitations, as a major element in control strategy for bovine mastitis. 

IDF Group A.2 (Bovine Mastitis) "International Progress in Mastitis Control 1983" International Dairy Federation Bull. 

Ziv, G. In Progress in Control of Bovine Mastitis IDF Seminar, Kiel" Kieler Milchwirtschaftl. Forschungsber. 1986 (In Press). 

Furaltadone has been used primarily for treatment of poultry infected with salmonellosis, colibacillosis, coccidiosis, blackhead, and infectious synovitis at a dosage of 0.02-0.04% in the drinking water or feed for a maximum of 10 days. The drug has been also used in intramammary form to treat bovine mastitis at a dosage of 500 mg/quarter. 

Novobiocin (Fig. 3.9) is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic with antibacterial activity against many gram-positive pathogens. It is frequently used, in combination with penicillin, for treatment of bovine mastitis by intramammary infusion of 200 mg/ quarter in two quarters, and to control fowl cholera and staphylococcal infections in chickens and turkeys at a level of 200-350 g/ton in feed. 

An ideal antimicrobial agent for systemic therapy of bovine mastitis should possess the following properties ... 

Prescott, J.F. Baggot, J.D. Principles of antimicrobial drug disposition antimicrobial drug use in bovine mastitis. In Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 2nd Ed. Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa, 1993 37-60, 553-561. 

Potential for Skin Penetration Enhancement, Aquaculture, Bovine Mastitis and Intramammary Drug Delivery, Veterinary Dental Drug Delivery, Drug Delivery System Design for the Control of the Estrous Cycle in Cattle... 

Mastitis, an inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland, usually resulting from a microbial infection, is a widespread disease seen in cattle throughout the world. The major bacterial species that are responsible for bovine mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and E. coli. Of these, the first three cause a contagious route of transmission, whereas Streptococcus uberis and... 

Stephan R, AnnemuUer C, Hassan AA, Lammler C (2001) Characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in north-east Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 78 373-382... 

Type 1 fimbriae have a well established role in UTI [98], and have also been implicated in neonatal meningitis [99], Crohn s disease [100, 101], and bovine mastitis [102-106], Their involvement in UTI pathogenesis has been extensively studied. UTIs are believed to affect at least 50% of women in the western world over their lifetime. Each year, 150 million UTIs have been estimated to occur worldwide. The most common cause of UTI in humans is UPEC infection, accounting for about 80% of reported cases. UPEC-caused UTI is also common in animals, e.g. cats and dogs [107],... 

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