Antifungal and antibacterial effects

Resorcinol unclogs pores by causing dead skin cells to slough off. It also has antifungal and antibacterial effects. 

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was isolated from cultures of Penicillium spp. in 1896 and was purified in 1913. Initially the compound was studied for its antifungal and antibacterial effects and later for its antitumor effects. Many years later, its immunosuppressive activities were recognized and after further developmental work, an ester prodrug mycophenolate mofetil was developed, which was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of acute renal allograft rejection in 1995 and for heart transplant recipients in 1998. Mycophenolate mofetil is a cytotoxic agent now used for immunosuppressive therapy and is the mofetil ester of MPA, which is the active immunosuppressive agent. 

Numerous reports indicate that resveratrol (1) has antifungal and antibacterial effects. The antiviral effects against HIV-1, the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus have also been reported [447-452 and references therein]. 

The stuff that bees collect mainly from poplars and conifers is a mix of dozens of compounds, including fatty acids and flavonoids. Scientists have tested many of these for biological activity, and their tests have shown antifungal and antibacterial effects. But this certainly isn t enough to justify the claims made by propolis proponents that the substance has antibacterial effects superior to those of modern antibiotics. Some have also made the unsubstantiated claim that propolis stimulates the immune system. Others recommend using propolis to treat ulcers and skin problems caused by fungi. 

It has broad spectrum antifungal and antibacterial activity and is effective against Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, dermatophytes, Microsporum, Coccidioides and Candida. Used topically as ointment, lotion, gel, ear drop and vaginal gel. Adverse effects include fever, chills, allergic reaction and even anaphylaxis. 

Acidic preservatives are the most widely used for oral preparations, such as the p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters and salts of benzoic acid. These are adequately soluble in aqueous systems and possess both antifungal and antibacterial properties. Methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid are often used together in a 10 1 ratio. Concomitant use of multiple esters makes possible a higher total preservative concentration owing to the independent solubilities of each and, according to some researchers, maximizes the antimicrobial effect. 

Topical 2% povidone iodine solution and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution have broad antimicrobial profiles and may be used as cheap spectrum and effective antifungal agents in equine ketomycosis, particularly where Fusarium spp. are involved. A1% dermatological cream formulation of silver sulfadiazine has both antifungal and antibacterial properties and is reasonably well tolerated topically in the horse eye. Its use is advocated where cost restraints exist or for prophylaxis in comeal injuries involving embedded plant material (Hamor Whelan 1999). 

Biological effects antitumor (Section 8.1), antifungal and antibacterial (Section 8.2), trypanocidal (Section 8.3.1), leishmanicidal (Section 8.3.2). 

Chemically, limonoids are unique secondary metabolites, characterized by a tetranortriterpenoid skeleton with a furan ring (Fig. 1.8). They are commonly isolated from Citrous and Maliaceae plants (Hallur et al. 2002 Rahman et al. 2009 Vikram et al. 2010). Besides their health promoting effects, various limonoids have been shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects (Govindachari et al. 2000 BattineUi et al. 2003 Atawodi and Atawodi 2009). 

The polyether antibiotics exhibit a broad range of biological, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticoccidial, antiparasitic, and insecticidal activities. They improve feed efficiency and growth performance in mminant and monogastric animals. Only the anticoccidial activity in poultry and catde, and the effect on feed efficiency in mminants such as catde and sheep are of commercial interest. 

PCP is commonly used as a wood preservative having both antifungal and insecticide properties. It has also been used in a range of areas for antifungal, antibacterial, general herbicide, and slime prevention in both industrial and consumer applications. Chronic exposure to PCP has effects on the liver, kidneys, and immune system. PCP also has the potential to cause reproductive problems and has been listed as a probable carcinogen. 

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