Antifeedants marine

Triorganotins Agrochemical fungicides, herbicides, miticides, insecticides, nematocides, acaracides, antifeedants biocide in marine paints slimicide in paper pulp mills and cooling towers rodent repellent molluscicides wood preservative fungicides disinfectants stone preservation textile, paper, and leather protection (Piver 1973 Hunter 1976 Kumpulainen and Koivistoinen 1977 CEC 1978 WHO 1980 Davies and Smith 1982 Chau etal. 1984 Subramanian 1984 Wilkinson 1984 Blunden etal. 1985 Maguire and Tkacz 1985 Thompson etal. 1985 Blunden and Chapman 1986 USPHS 1992). 

Antifeedant/fish various dietary metabolites Paul 1992 marine dietary metabolites from spmges, cnidarians, bryozoans, and ascidians in carnivorous Q)isthobr., Moll. 

Antifeedant/fish various di ary m bolites Paul 1992 marine dietary metabolites frmn Cyanobact. and seaweeds in h bivorous Opistholn., Moll. 

Although terrestrial cyanobacteria are well-recognized producers of a wide range of bioactive compounds, marine species have received less attention until recently [159]. One of the most abundant and studied marine cyanobacteria is the pantropic Lyngbya majuscula (Oscillatoriaceae). A prolific producer of metabolites, it has so far yielded more than 110 secondary metabolites including compounds that exhibit antiproliferative, immunosuppressants, antifeedant and molluscidal activities [159,160]. Shallow water varieties of the cyanophyte contain N-substituted amides of 75-methoxytetradec-4E-enoic acid and of 7S-methoxy-9-methylhexa-dec-4 -enoic acid called malyngamides, a sub-class of which contains the 4-methoxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one system [158]. 

One of the antifeedants isolated from the marine mollusk Aplysia brasiliana, which is distasteful to fish and rejected by sharks, is the bromoallene panacene (142) [113]. 

Many polyhalogenated monoterpenes have potent biological activity (7). In addition to cytotoxic activity, several compounds display insect repellent and antifeedant activity, and selective insect cell toxicity (480). To acquire sufficient quantities of these and other target metabolites for biological evaluation, the laboratory cultivation of marine algae - bioprocess engineering - is under intense exploration (481 483). 

Argandona VH, Rovirosa J, San-Martin A, Riquelme A, Diaz-Marrero AR, Cueto M, Darias J, Santana O, Guardano A, Gonzalez-Coloma A (2002) Antifeedant Effects of Marine Halogenated Monoterpenes. J Agric Food Chem 50 7029... 

Clerodane-type secondary metabolites have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families and in organisms from other taxonomic groups, such as fungi, bacteria, and marine sponges.8 Especially, various genera from the plant families Labiatae and Verbenaceae have been identified as rich sources of clerodanes with antifeedant activity.63 Species of the genus Scutellaria (Labiatae) produces some of the most potent clerodane antifeedants known so far. 

The antifeedant roles of marine microbial products have not been extensively explored. The best documented cases involve cyanobacterial metabolites. 

Cyanobacterial blooms pose a public health risk and may have adverse effects on marine life (fish, turtles) that accidentally consumes them. The production of toxins or of antifeedant compounds, particularly in cyanobacterial strains that are slow growing can lead to rapid bloom production in areas of high herbivory, for example on tropical coral reefs.8... 

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