Antibody production results

Fitzgerald42 found that the antibody response of rabbits toward 1.5% aqueous dextran solutions (both types) varied with the nitrogen (t. e., bacterial) content of the dextran. Injections were administered both interperitoneally and intravenously, and no antibody production resulted when the nitrogen content of the dextrans was below 0.2%. 

In each of these methods, undiluted serum, urine, acid-deproteinized milk, or a buffered saline extract of muscle was mixed with sulfamethazine-horseradish peroxidase and added to antibody-coated wells of a microtiter plate. A sulfamethazine-bovine serum albumin conjugate prepared by the glutaraldehyde procedure (56) was used for antibody production. Results showed that screening of serum was of value since sulfamethazine concentrations in serum directly correlated with those in swine tissues. Thus, for example, a level of 100 ppb of sulfamethazine in... 

In 1967, Heidelberger, Stacey et al. reported the purification, some structural features, and the chemical modification of the capsular polysaccharide from Pneumococcus Type I. Difficulties of direct hydrolysis of the polysaccharide were overcome and it was possible to identify some of the fragments in the hy-drolyzate. At least six products resulted from nitrous acid deamination. Two were disaccharides, which were identified, and sequences of linked sugar units were proposed. As modification of the polysaccharide decreased the amounts of antibody precipitated by anti-pneumococcal Type I sera, the importance of the unmodified structural features in contributing to the specificity of the polysaccharide was indicated. 

At time t=212 h the continuous feeding was initiated at 5 L/d corresponding to a dilution rate of 0.45 d . Soon after continuous feeding started, a sharp increase in the viability was observed as a result of physically removing dead cells that had accumulated in the bioreactor. The viable cell density also increased as a result of the initiation of direct feeding. At time t 550 h a steady state appeared to have been reached as judged by the stability of the viable cell density and viability for a period of at least 4 days. Linardos et al. (1992) used the steady state measurements to analyze the dialyzed chemostat. Our objective here is to use the techniques developed in Chapter 7 to determine the specific monoclonal antibody production rate in the period 212 to 570 h where an oscillatory behavior of the MAb titer is observed and examine whether it differs from the value computed during the start-up phase. 

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia A clinical syndrome of IgG antibody production against the heparin-platelet factor 4 complex occurring in approximately 1% to 5% of patients exposed to either heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia results in excess production of thrombin, platelet aggregation, and thrombocytopenia (due to platelet clumping), often leading to venous and arterial thrombosis, amputation of extremities, and death. 

Corticosteroids also exert inhibitory effects on the overall immune process. These drugs impair the function of the leukocytes responsible for antibody production and destruction of foreign cells. As a result, corticosteroids are also used therapeutically in the prevention of organ transplant rejection. 

This chapter describes the design, preparation, and use of hapten-carrier conjugates used to elicit an immune response toward a coupled hapten. The chemical reactions discussed for these conjugations are useful for coupling peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, and other small organic molecules to various carrier macromolecules. The resultant conjugates are important in antibody production, immune response research, and in the creation of vaccines. 

A corollary to the use of cBSA as a carrier protein is that its increased immune response often abrogates the use of complete Freund s adjuvant, which is a source of concern because of its potential side-effects in animals. A relatively innocuous mixture with alum is usually all that is required as adjuvant to result in good antibody production. 

The presence of foreign protein in the medium of plant cultures does not necessarily mean that all or even most of the product can be recovered from the medium. In many expression systems where an appropriate signal sequence has been used, considerable amounts of foreign protein remain within the plant cells and/or tissues. For example, in a comparison of IgG antibody production in tobacco cell suspension and hairy root cultures, a maximum of 72% of the total antibody was found in the medium of the suspension cultures whereas only 26% was found in the medium of the hairy root cultures [17]. This result could indicate that secretion and/or transport across the cell wall was slower in the hairy roots alternatively, it could indicate poorer stability of the secreted protein in the hairy root medium. If foreign proteins are to be purified from the medium, improved secretion and extracellular product stability are desirable. 

Mature B lymphocytes express AhR and ARNT,10,12 and the ability of TCDD to suppress primary antibody responses has been known for a long time (reviewed in4). While the precise mechanisms resulting in suppression of T-dependent B cell responses in vivo have not been fully elucidated, it is clear that direct effects of TCDD on B cells plays a role. Studies using two B cell lines with differential AhR expression have linked suppression of LPS-induced IgM production to AhR activation, and have shown that AhR interactions within the 3 alpha immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer directly influence antibody production.52-54 TCDD also appears to directly modulate the expression of CD19 on human B cells, suggesting another mechanism by which TCDD down-modulates the responsiveness of mature B cells.55... 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

For many years, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods have been used as an essential tool to determine the hydrodynamic size, monitor product purity, detect minor product or process-related impurities, and confirm batch-to-batch consistency of protein and antibody products. ITowever, gel-based techniques have several limitations, such as lack of automation, varying reproducibility, and a limited linear range. SDS-PAGE is also labor-intensive and generates large volume of toxic waste. Most importantly, the technique does not provide quantitative results for purity and impurity determination of proteins and antibodies. 

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