Antibodies cross reactions with

In 15-50% of cases, IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to a NMBA has been reported at the first known contact with a NMBA [1,3, 14]. This suggests a possible cross-reaction with IgE antibodies generated by previous contact with apparently unrelated chemicals drugs, such as pholcodine, cosmetics, disinfectants and industrial materials [14,... 

The chemical adducts formed by reaction of aldehydes with lysine residues form highly immunogenic epitopes, and antibodies have been prepared specific for malondialdehyde- and 4-hydroxynonenal-conjugated LDL (Gonen et al., 1987 Yla-Herttuala et al., 1989 Jurgens et al., 1990). These antibodies cross-react with material in atherosclerotic lesions but not normal tissue, thus supporting the central role of lipid peroxidation in the patho nesis of atherosclerosis (Yla-Herttuala et al., 1989, 1991). 

Snitkoff et al. [75] reported the development of an EIA for the detection of ciprofloxacin in serum, which was sensitive at picogram per milliliter levels of the antibiotic and no cross-reaction with its metabolites was observed. Gobbo et al. [118] recently described the production of PAb for ciprofloxacin with the aim of detecting fluoroquinolones in Brazilian livestock. On the other hand, Bucknall et al. [77] produced antibodies for quinolones and fluoroquinolones with the aim of developing both generic and specific immunoassays. ELISAs for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, and nalidixic acid were developed with sensitivity values around 4 pg kg 1 (on both the generic and specific assays) in bovine milk and ovine kidney. 

Immunoassays for Bik, based on polyclonal antibodies (pAb), are affected by cross-reaction with Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP). This problem can lead to the generation of false positive results in cases of proteinuria [14], In contrast, immunoassays that utilize plasma suffer from cross-reactivity to Iof [23]. The cross-reactivity with THP is due to complexed N-linked glycan, whereas cross-reactivity with Iof is due to bound Bik [14]. Cross-reaction with a-1-glycoprotein (AGP) also does not appear to be a significant factor in blood. 

It is necessary to test concentrations for each new antibody, whether primary or secondary. For blocking before application of the primary, use serum from the same species that your secondary is made in e.g., if your secondary is made in a rabbit, block with normal rabbit serum but if your secondary is made in a pig use swine serum. For secondary antibodies it is advisable to use F(ab) fragments (to minimize cross reaction with FcR on macrophages or B-cells). 

Vojdani, A., Campbell, A.W., Anyanwu, E., Kashanian, A., Bock, K., Vojdani, E. 2002. Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism possible cross-reaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A.. / Neuroimmunol. 129, 168-177. 

These monoclonal antibodies to the rabbit prolactin receptor showed little or no cross-reaction with the rat receptor, and monoclonal antibodies have therefore been prepared also to the receptor from rat liver [51]. Two such antibodies were produced, which recognized prolactin receptors from several different rat tissues but did not cross-react with receptors from other species. Studies with these antibodies confirmed the Mr of the prolactin receptor (or its subunit) as 42000 - 46000, close to the value obtained by cross-linking techniques (see above). Biological effects of these monoclonal antibodies were not reported, although stimulatory actions of polyclonal antibodies to the rat prolactin receptor have been described [47,48,52]. 

Tissue cross-reactivity (TCR) studies Tissue cross-reactivity studies with human tissues (or cells if applicable) are conducted prior to Phase 1 to search for cross-reactions with the intended target and/or nontarget tissue. In special cases of bispecific antibodies, each parent antibody is evaluated individually in addition to testing the bispecific product. Human cells or tissues are surveyed immunocyto-chemically or immunohistochemically with appropriate controls. Animal species are also surveyed to determine relevant species for toxicology studies. 

The occurrence of cross-reactions with lysozymes of various species may contribute substantially to the precise delineation of the antigenic determinants. Turkey and bobwhite quail lysozymes differ from that of chicken in that Arg replaces Lys at positions 73 and 68, respectively. Turkey lysozyme reacted identically but quail lysozyme was weaker, thus indicating that Arg-68 makes a greater contribution to the interaction with the antibody combining site. 

Immunization with homopolynucleotide-MBSA complexes gives rise to antibodies that are specific for an oligonucleotide segment of the polymer. They probably recognize a number of bases in sequence, perhaps in a stacked array. Poly(I), poly(C), and poly(A) each induce specific antibodies that show little cross-reaction with the other homopolynucleotides, and slight cross-reaction with denatured DNA. ... 

The antibody A-2 specific for estradiol-17/3 was raised in a rabbit against estradiol-17j8 coupled at C-6 to human serum albumin. The cross reaction with estrone was 6%, and with estriol 0.1%. By means of a Scat-chard plot the affinity constant was calculated to 5.70 x 10 1/M with respect to estradiol-17B. 

A band with a molecular weight of 25 000 of the bacterial oxidoreductase has been identified with the high-potential Fe-S protein, by means of cross reaction with a monospecific antibody against the analogous electron carrier from Neurospora crassa mitochondria. The existence of this type of Fe-S center in photosynthetic bacteria was first discovered by ESR spectroscopy [125] and its involvement in photosynthetic electron transport was demonstrated. The midpoint potential in Rps. sphaeroides is 0.285 V, and is pH dependent above pH 8, with a decrease of 60 mV per pH unit [125]. 

Wide and his colleagues (W5, W7) were the first to apply the technique of hemagglutination-inhibition to the estimation of urinary LH. They found that some antisera raised against HCG were incapable of distinguishing between HCG and LH, and, accordingly, they were able to establish an assay system for LH using an antiserum raised to HCG and HCG-coated red blood cells. Taymor (T2) used a similar system to assay human urinary LH. He also employed an HCG antiserum and latex particles coated with this hormone the system was specific in that a cross reaction with ovine LH was not observed however, its specificity with respect to FSH was not reported. Taymor (T2) found it necessary to extract LH from urine prior to immunoassay. For this purpose he preferred precipitation with acetone to treatment with alcohol, since trace amounts of the latter interfered with the antigen-antibody reaction. 

Antigens, cross-reaction with cotton antibodies, 49 Avenalumins, 31f Azadirachtin... 

Cytokeratin cocktail antibodies can be used to identify MECs (in addition to CK14 and CK17). However, because of the proximity of MECs to acinar cells, differentiation is difficult because these cocktails also immu-nostain acinar cells. Anti-smooth muscle actins react with stromal myofibroblasts in addition to MECs " and thus are not specific for MECs. The cross-reaction with myofibroblasts makes it difficult to identify MECs specifically, especially for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases in which periductal stromal desmoplasia may exist. 

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