Antibody monospecific

In 1975, Kohler and Milstein observed that if an antibody-producing cell was fused with a myeloma tumor cell, a rapidly dividing hybrid was produced that synthesized a monospecific antibody. Each hybridoma formed then became a factory, producing antibodies monospecific to a particular sensitizing antigenic epitope. Cell cloning allows selection of hybrids producing antibodies with the desired characteristics. 

Gunneras S, Agaton C, Djerbi S et al (2008) Prestige Antibodies-monospecific antibodies designed for immimohistochemical analysis. Biotechniques 44 825-828... 

Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single, monospecific B cell clone. Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained from hybridoma cells that result from the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with immortal cells of a myeloma cell line. 

When an antigen is injected into an animal, the resulting antibodies are polyclonal, being synthesized by a mixture of B cells. Polyclonal antibodies are directed against a number of different sites (epitopes or determinants) on the antigen and thus are not monospecific. However, by means of a method developed by Kohler and Milstein, large amounts of a single monoclonal antibody specific for one epitope can be obtained. 

Aithal, H.N., Knigge, K.M., Kartha, S., Czyewski, E.A., and Toback, F.G. (1988) An alternate method utilizing small quantities of ligand for affinity purification of monospecific antibodies. /. Immunol. Meth. 112, 63-70. 

Monoclonal antibody technology entails isolation of such B-lymphocytes, with subsequent fusion of these cells with transformed (myeloma) cells. Many of the resultant hybrid cells retain immortal characteristics, while producing large quantities of the monospecific antibody. These hybridoma cells can be cultured long term to effectively produce an inexhaustible supply of the monoclonal antibody of choice. 

Annexins from liver plasma membranes, monospecific polyclonal antibodies Purification, comparison with cellulose fiber modules Anion Exchange disks, Affinity (Protein A,Protein G), Affinity (annexins) [73]... 

Carefully selected monoclonal antibodies against apo(a) are well suited for most immunoassays (LI, L2, W17). Precipitation techniques such as nephelome-try or turbidimetry require monospecific polyclonal antisera. 

Advances in B (antibody-producing) cell biology and tumor (e.g., melanoma) cell biology lead to the development of immortalized cells that overexpress a monospecific (monoclonal) antibody [8]. 

Both IgG and Csb were found to stimulate the respiratory burst separately and independently in one study but in another was active only in the presence of IgG. The divergent findings may be attributable to differing methods. In one study serum was mixed with agarose beads which fix complement with the binding of Csb- One set of beads was then heated at 50° for 30 min to remove 35 and the other was boiled in 2 M NaCl to remove IgG. The completeness of the removal of each component was verified by the loss of reactivity of the beads with a fluorescent monospecific antibody. Beads prepared in this way with either IgG or with Cjb attached elicited the formation of O by PMNs whereas the release of lysosomal contents occurred only with beads containing both IgG and Cab. The effects of the IgG-agarose were blocked by Ffab lj and those of Cjb were blocked by antiserum to C,. 

A polyclonal antibody, which by nature cannot be monospecific, can, if its titer is very high, behave like a monospecific antibody in comparison with the low titers of irrelevant antibodies in the same serum. Thus, this method is faster and performs better than other polyclonal antibody techniques while retaining all the advantages of polyclonal antibodies. 

Huet, J., Phalente, L., Buttin, G., Sentenac, A., and Fromageot, P. (1982) Probing yeast RNA polymerase A subunits with monospecific antibodies. EMBOJ. 1,1193-1198. 

STYLIZED CURVE FOR A MONOSPECIFIC SYSTEM OF ONE ANTIGEN AND THE CORRESPONDING ANTIBODY... 

Cherwinski HM, Schumaker JH, Brown KD, Mosmann TR. 1987. Two types of mouse helper T cell clone. III. Further differences in lymphokine synthesis between Thl and Th2 clones revealed by RNA hybridization, functionally monospecific bioassays, and monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med. 166 1299-1244. 

Pearce, E.J., James, S.L., Dalton, J., Barrall, A., Ramos, C., Strand, M. and Sher, A. (1986) Immunochemical characterization and purification of Sm-97, a Schistosoma mansoni antigen monospecifically recognized by antibodies from mice protectively immunized with a nonliving vaccine. The Journal of Immunology 137, 3593-3600. 

It is possible that limited denaturation of the antibodies occurs during purification, altering their monospecificity. For example, it has been demonstrated that the binding site of Mil, a murine, monoclonal antibody, is altered after purification at a low pH (2.2), resulting in its binding to many different proteins (McMahon and O Kennedy, 2000). The inference is that such a polyreactivity represents an acquired, artificial characteristic. 

Stresser DM, Kupfer D. Monospecific antipeptide antibody to cytochrome P-450 2B6. Drug Metab Dispos 1999 27 517-525. 

In a related approach, variants of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase X (LDH-X), which is found only in sperm, have been detected in mouse sperm with the use of monospecific antibodies to rat LDH-X.15 The frequency of variants... 

Ansari, A.A., M.A. Baig, and H.V. Mailing. In vivo germinal mutation detection with "monospecific" antibody against lactate dehydrogenase-X. Proc. 

Werck-Reichhart, D., Batard, Y., Kochs, G., Lesot, A., and Durst, F., Monospecific polyclonal antibodies directed against purified cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from Helianthus tuberosus immunopurification, immunoquantification, and interspecific cross-reactivity, Plant Physiol., 102, 1291-1298, 1993. 

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