Antibiotics compounds

Roseophilin (273), a deeply red-colored pentacyclic compound isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces griseoviridis, is a novel antitumor antibiotic. Compound 273 possesses a topologically unique pentacyclic skeleton, consisting of a 13-membered macrocycle incorporated in an ansa-bridged azafulvene, which in turn is linked to a conjugated heterocyclic ring system. The absolute stereochemistry of roseophilin, as depicted in Fig. 9, was unknown until the first total synthesis published by Tius and Harrington in 2001 [125]. All syn-... 

In this context, a multidisciplinary approach (phytochemical -I- synthetic -l-microbiological -i- pharmacological) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different 0-heterocyclic structures should be emphasized and encouraged, also in view of the evidence reporting the existence of synergistic effects among these compounds with currently used antibiotic compounds. 

Biocontrol agent Antibiotic compound Phytopathogen Protected host Disease References... 

Table lists examples of known biocontrol agents, the antibiotic compounds associated with control of disease-causing agent, protected host, and references. 

Thiele-Bruhn S (2003) Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils - a review. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 166 145-167... 

When tested, the antibiotic compounds killed or inhibited the growth of two varieties of E. coli but had no effect on several other types of cells. These results show that in response to bacterial infection the ants elaborated an antibiotic that was selectively toxic to the pathogen. Their defense was tailored closely to their need. It is too soon to know more, but it seems that looking for new antibiotics in ants is a promising idea. Further research should establish whether ant antibiotics will lead to drugs for human use and also reveal whether other crowded species also synthesize antibiotics. 

It is interesting to note that this method was used in an early analysis of the antibiotic compound chloramphenicol, whose structure includes a nitroaromatic group [30]. 

Finnegan DP, Simonson LA, Meyer MT (2010) Occurrence of antibiotic compounds in source water and finished drinking water from the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio, 2005-6 (Scientific Investigations Report 2010)... 

Since the discovery of penicillin, an enormous number of antibiotic compounds have been isolated. They have found uses both in treatment of human disease and in various aspects of agriculture, including treatment of animal and plant diseases, and as feed additives to promote growth of animals. Some antibiotics such as tylosin were developed specifically for agricultural use. 

Berdy5J. Aszalos, A. Bostian, M. McNitt, K. CRC Handbook of Antibiotic Compounds CRC Press Boca Raton, 1982 p. 448. 

Thiele-Bmhn S. (2003). Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils—A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166 145-167. 

Different lines, each with Insect resistance, may possess different ratios of antibiotic compounds. Thus, It may be possible to Increase resistance by crossing lines where each contributes genes for biosynthesis of different antibiotic compounds. The tobacco budworm was selected for study In preference to the cotton bollworm because It Is easier to rear and use In the laboratory, Is more resistant to Insecticides In the field, and It Is approximately as susceptible to cotton constituents Incorporated In laboratory diets (14). This present study was carried out to Identify and analyze for cotton constituents that were toxic In laboratory feeding tests, and to determine whether there were positive correlations of their content In leaves and/or other tissue with field resistance. From this Information, the generation of lines with multiple factors for resistance could be Initiated. 

Peipp H, Sonnenbichler J (1992) Secondary Fungal Metabolites and Their Biological Activities, II. Occurrence of Antibiotic Compounds in Cultures of Armillaria ostoyae Growing in the Presence of an Antagonistic Fungus on Host Plant Cells. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 373 675... 

Cephalosporin C (Figure 7.37) is produced commercially by fermentation using cultures of a high-yielding strain of Acremonium chrysogenum (formerly Cephalosporium acremonium). Initial studies of the antibiotic compounds synthesized by C. acremonium identified penicillin N (originally called cephalosporin N) as the major component, with small amounts of cephalosporin C. In contrast to the penicillins, cephalosporin C was stable under acidic conditions and also was not attacked by penicillinase ((5-lactamase). Antibacterial activity was rather low, however, and the antibiotic was poorly absorbed after oral administration. However, the structure offered considerable scope for side-chain modifications, more so than with the penicillins since it has two side-chains, and this has led to a wide variety of cephalosporin drugs, many of which are currently in clinical use. As with the penicillins, removal of the amide... 

The nitrogen heterocycles, aziridines, can be made by displacement of an alcohol by an amine after activation. In their synthesis of the antitumour and antibiotic compound 30, whose active region is the aziridine, J. P. Michael and group opened the cyclic sulfite 28 with azide ion. Reaction occurred at the allylic position and with inversion. Activation of the alcohol as a mesylate gave 29 and reduction of the azide to an amine was followed by base-catalysed cyclisation, again with inversion.4... 

Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and cephalosporins are among the most widely used. Synthetic modifications of the naturally occurring antibiotic compounds have produced many variations that have the necessary clinical properties. 

In the larger peptide antibiotic compounds comprising the class of lantibiotics, the shape of the molecule is determined by several cyclic peptides, including two annulated peptide rings, present within one molecule, giving the lantibiotic a unique way to interact with the target molecule lipid II and subsequent pore-forming capabilities in phospholipid membranes [2]. 

The synthesis of ciprofloxazin was one among several syntheses being performed in contract research by a microreactor developer for pharmaceutical industry and feasibility was demonstrated [32], In this multistep synthesis, alkylamino-defluorinations were the essential part of the chemistry. Ciprofloxazin, the final product, is an antibiotic compound with a high sales volume. 

Weiss, U., F. Strelitz, H. Flon and I. N. Asheshov Antibiotic compounds with action against bacterial viruses — neohydroxyaspergillic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 74, 150 (1958). 

In 1981, some chemists in Pennsylvania needed to convert this carboxylic acid into its methyl ester as part of the synthesis of an antibiotic compound. What reagent did they choose to do the reaction ... 

PROP A group of isomeric and closely related antibiotic compounds with outstanding bacterial activity. An extract from Penidllium notatum (JPETAB 77,40,43). Different varieties of penicillin are produced by adding the proper precursors to the nutrient solution. 

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