Anthropogenic emission inventories

Kato, N. and Akimoto, H. (1992). Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NO in Asia Emission inventories, Atmos. Environ. 26A, 2997-3017. 

Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Steenhuisen F, Wilson D. 2006. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmospheric Environment 40 4048 063. 

Nriagu J O. Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere. Nature 1979 279 409M11. 

Therefore data on anthropogenic and natural emissions in the Asian region are necessary for the assessment of heavy metal pollution in these countries. Pollution of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan by mercury and lead has been initially assessed by means of hemispheric modeling using the available global emission inventories of the considered heavy metals. The outcomes of the assessment are presented in this section. 

Olivier JGJ, Bouwman AF, Van der Hoek KW, Berdowski JJM. 1998. Global air emission inventories for anthropogenic sources of NOx,NH3 and N2O in 1990. Environmental Pollution 102 135-148. 

Inventories are compiled in various formats. For example, they can be assembled for various individual anthropogenic processes such as refining, or natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, in which emissions of all of the relevant species associated with that event are estimated. Alternatively, and more commonly, emissions inventories are compiled by species, showing the various sources that contribute to the total emissions of each. 

Through this EPA site you can download the 2005 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, which tracks anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases in the United States. 

Markakis K, Poupkou A, Melas D, Zerefos C (2010) A GIS based methodology for the compilation of an anthropogenic PM10 emission inventory in Greece. Environ Pollut Res 1(2) 71—81... 

Biogenic VOC and NO emissions are calculated on-line based on land use data, simulated surface temperature and radiation. Anthropogenic emissions of primary pollutants, like NOx, SO2, and hydrocarbons, as well as emissions of primary particulate matter have to be supplied either at hourly intervals or as yearly data from gridded emission inventories. Validation studies with MCCM have shown its ability to reproduce observed meteorological quantities and pollutant concentrations for different conditions and regions of the Earth (Forkel and Knoche 2006 Forkel et al. 2004 Grell et al. 1998, 2000 JazcUevich et al. 2003 Kim and Stockwell 2007 Suppan and Skouloudis 2003 Suppan and Schadler 2004 Suppan 2010). 

Anthropogenic emissions from automobiles over Japan are from EAgrid2000 (East Asian Air Pollutant Emissions Grid Inventory) with 1x1 km resolution (K. Murano, personal communication)... 

Ohara T, Akimoto H, Kurokawa J et al (2007) Asian emission inventory for anthropogenic emission sources during the period 1980-2020. Atmos Chem Phys 7 4194-4444. doi www. atmos-chem-phy s.net/7/4419/2007... 

In an international effort, the Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory (Keene et al., 1999, and references therein) was compiled which includes chlorine emissions from the following four source-type classes (i) oceanic and terrestrial biogenic emissions (ii) sea salt aerosol production and dechlorination (iii) biomass burning and (iv) exclusively anthropogenic sources like industry, fossil fuel combustion, and incineration. They provide numbers from atmospheric burdens and fluxes for the individual species and sources. 

Aucott M. L., McCulloch A., Graedel T. E., Midgley P., and Li Y.-F. (1999) Anthropogenic emissions of trichlorometh-ane (chloroform, CHCI3 and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) reactive chlorine emissions inventory. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8405-8415. 

USA had been underestimated by a factor of 4 (Geron et al., 1994). This discovery led to a major change in model predictions for the impact of NOjc and VOCs on ozone formation in the eastern USA (Pierce et al., 1998 see also Chameides et al., 1988) and led to greater emphasis on the control of NO c emission sources. Recent results from the Texas Air Quality study also suggest that emissions of anthropogenic VOC from industrial sources are much larger than represented in emission inventories. The accuracy of emission inventories effectively limits our ability to understand the process of smog formation. 

Bullock (1997) used the Regional Lagrangian Model of Air Pollution (RELMAP) to simulate the emission, transport, chemical transformation, and wet and dry deposition of elemental mercury gas, divalent mercury gas, and particulate mercury from various point and area source types to develop an atmospheric mercury emissions inventory by anthropogenic source type. The results of the RELMAP model are shown in Table 5-3. On a percentage basis, various combustion processes (medical waste incinerators, municipal waste incinerators, electric utility power production [fossil fuel burning] and nonutility power and heat generation) account for 83% of all anthropogenic emissions in the United States. Overall, of the emissions produced, 41% were associated with elemental mercury vapor (Hg°), 41% with the mercuric form (Hg2+), and 18% was mercury associated with particulates. 

Benkovitz, C. M. (1982). Compilation of an inventory of anthropogenic emissions in the United States and Canada. Atmos. Environ. 16, 1551-1563. 

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