Anthraquinones rhubarb

Anthraquinone derivatives (e.g., cascara, aloe, senna, and rhubarb) are among the oldest laxatives known. They act on the colon rather than on the ileum and produce evacuation 8 to 10 hours after administration. This makes them particularly suitable for dosage overnight. Cascara sagrada is one of the mildest of the anthraquinone-containing laxatives. 

Pournaghi-Aznar MH, Shemirani F, Pourtork S (1995) Electrochemical behavior of some naturally occurring hydroxy derivatives of 9,10-anthraquinone in chloroform at mercury and glassy carbon electrodes application of AC polarography to the analysis of Rhubarb roots. Talanta 42 677-684. 

Rheum officinale Baill. R. koreanum Nakai R. palmatum L. R. tanguticum Maxim R. undulatum L. Tai Huang (Rhubarb) (rhizome) Anthraquinones, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophenol, rheum tannic acid, gallic acid, calechin, bianthraquinonyl, sennosides (R. undulatum also contains rhaponticin).1 33 236,510 This herb may be toxic. Potent laxative, antibacterial, anthelmintic, anticancer, stimulate the large intestine and increase the movement of luminal contents toward the anus, resulting in defecation. Antispasmodic, choleretic, hemostatic, diuretic, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol level. 

Naphthaquinones are rare. Among the naphthaquinones juglone (1.64) is relatively common. It is found in walnuts. Anthraquinone is the most widely distributed of the quinones in higher plants and fungi. There are numerous compounds. The anthtraquinone emodin (1.65) occurs as a rhamnoside in rhubarb roots. 

Additional noteworthy applications of CEC include natural products such as the plant flavonoids hesperetin and hesperidin [160], anthraquinones extracted from rhubarb and from Chinese medicine [161], and heterocyclic compounds present in oils of bergamot, mandarin, and sweet orange [162], The CEC analysis of retinyl esters has been investigated by Roed et al. in nonaqueous mode for the separation of liver extracts of arctic seal [163]. Carotenoid isomers were also separated on C30 stationary phases by nonaqueous CEC [164]. It was found that CEC offered increased resolution compared to HPLC, and in CEC... 

The anthraquinone group of laxatives includes senna, danthron, cascara, rhubarb and aloes. In the small intestine soluble anthraquinone derivates are liberated and absorbed. These are excreted into the colon and act there, along with those that have escaped absorption, probably after being chemically changed by bacterial action. 

Emodin (l,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), the active principle of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae), was reported to be an inhibitor of the p56 -PTK activity from bovine thymus, with an IC50 of 18.5 pM. When the hydroxyl functions at C-6 or C-8 were blocked by methylation or glycosylation, respectively, the effect disappeared. The inhibition was competitive with respect to ATP and non competitive with respect to the substrate [64]. In a bioassay-guided separation of the anthraquinones found in rhizomes of another Polygonaceae species, rhubarb Rheum... 

Anthrone or its tautomer anthrol or its hydroxy derivatives (i.e., the aglycones) are found to exert purgative effects. However, the anthraquinone glycosides are usually present in several herbal drugs, such as senna, cascara, rhubarb and aloes. 

Li, Y., et al.. Optimized separation of pharmacologically active anthraquinones in Rhubarb by capillary... 

In rats orally administered 140, 794, or 4500 mg/kg daily of anthraquinones isolated from rhubarb for 13 weeks, nephrotoxicity developed in the group administered 4500 mg/ kg, and tubule epithelial cells swelled and denatured (Yan... 

FranguRns. Anthraquinone glycosides from root, bark, and seeds of the black alder (Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnaceae) and the American buckthorn (Cascara sagrada, Rhamnaceae) as well as rhubarb roots. F are... 

Anthraquinone glycosides have long been used medicinally as cathartics and laxatives. Plant-derived drugs of this type include aloes Aloe species), cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiams), frangula (Rhamnus frangula), rhubarb (Rheum officinale), rumex or yellow dock (Rumex crispus) and senna (Cassia spp.). Many of the commercial preparations (patent medicines) based on these plants are readily available. 

Rhein l,7-dihydroxy-3-carboxyanthTaqtrinone, a yellow anthraquinone, m.p. 321 °C, present free or as a glycoside in the roots of many higher plants, particularly rhubarb. R. has a purgative action, and various R.-containing drugs (Radix Rhei, Fblia Sennae) are used therapeutically. 

The main anthraquinone-containing plants are cascara sagrada Rhamnus purshiana), senna, rhubarb, aloes, dock and St John s wort. Rheum-emodin is a typical simple anthraquinone from rhubarb root Rheum palmatum). 

Chang L-C, Sun S-W (2006) Micellar electrokinetic chromatography for separation of a mixture of coptis alkaloids, scute flavonoids, and rhubarb anthraquinones and bianthrones. J Pharm Biomed Anal 40 62-67. doi 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.006... 

Chen QH, Liu CY, Qiu CH 1980 Studies on Chinese rhubarb. XII. Effect of anthraquinone derivatives on the respiration and glycolysis of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cell. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 15 65-70... 

The anthraquinone compound Rhein, 1,8-dihydroxy an-thriquinone-3-carboxylic acid, is found in various Cassia and Rheum species MerckIndex, 1996). It is also known as rhubarb yellow . 

Anthraquinones group Rhubarb Cassia fistula Merck Index (1996) 8342... 

Chinese rhubarb also contains a trace amount of volatile oil consisting of 100 constituents, including chrysophanic acid and other anthraquinones, diisobutyl phthal-ate, cinnamic acid, phenylpropionic acid, and ferulic acid, but no /i-hydroxycinnamic, caffeic, or quinic acid. In a recent report, the stalks of uncooked R. rhabar-barum yielded 59 volatile monoterepene alcohols, aldehydes, and acids to which the characteristic odor of rhubarb is largely attributed. ... 

Indian rhubarb and garden rhubarb have been much less extensively investigated than Chinese rhubarb. Indian rhubarb is reported to contain tannins and anthraglycosides, many of which are probably the same as those of Chinese rhubarb. Garden rhubarb has been reported to contain chrysophanic acid (probably also its glucosides) but not the other anthraquinones or sennosides found in Chinese rhubarb it contains rhaponticin not present in Chinese or Indian rhubarb (martindale nanjing stahl). ... 

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