Anthocyanins, chromatography

Nielsen, I.L.F. et al., Quantification of anthocyanins in commercial black currant juices by simple high-performance liquid chromatography investigation of their pH stability and antioxidative potency, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 5861, 2003. 

Schoefs, B., Determinationofpigmentsin vegetahles. 7. Chromatogr. A, 1054,217,2004. Da Costa, C. et al.. Analysis of anthocyanins in foods hy hquid chromatography, hquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capdlary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 881, 403, 2000. 

Wu, X. and Prior, R.L., Identification and characterization of anthocyanins hy high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in common foods in the United States vegetables, nuts, and grains, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 3101, 2005. 

Degenhardt, A., Knapp, H., and Winterhalter, P, Separation and purification of anthocyanins by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and screening for antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 338, 2000. 

Schwarz, M. et al.. Application of high-speed conntercurrent chromatography to the large-scale isolation of anthocyanins, Biochem. Eng. J., 14, 179, 2003. 

Mnllen, W., Lean, M.E.J., and Crozier, A., Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry frnit hy high-performance liqnid chromatography coupled to single qnadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 966, 63, 2002. 

Revilla, 1. et al.. Identification of anthocyanin derivatives in grape skin extracts and red wines by liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 847, 83, 1999. 

Wang, H., Race, E.J., and Shrikhande, A.J., Characterization of anthocyanins in grape juices by ion trap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem.,... 

Salas, E. et al.. Isolation of flavanol-anthocyanin adducts by countercurrent chromatography, J. Chrom. ScL, 43, 488, 2005. 

Paper chromatography (PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) have been used since the 1940s. Preparative PC on Whatman 3 paper, analytical PC on Whatman 1 paper, and analytical TLC on microcrystalline cellulose, silica gel, or polyamide have been applied with a variety of solvents and the behaviors of anthocyanins have been similar in all media. Two-dimensional TLC allows the separation of several compounds and has been nsed to clarify the anthocyanin compositions of different commodities. ... 

CE was recently used for anthocyanin analysis because of its excellent resolution. This technique has different modes capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEE), and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)."° CZE is the most popular method for anthocyanin... 

Chirinos, R. et al., High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD)/HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) profiling of anthocyanins from Andean mashua tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavon) and their contribution to the overall antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 7089, 2006. 

Tian, Q. et al., Screening for anthocyanins using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, common-neutral-loss analysis, and selected reaction monitoring, J. Chromatogr. A, 1091, 72, 2005. 

Du, Q., Jerz, G., and Winterhalter, P., Isolation of two anthocyanin sambubiosides from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr A, 1045, 59, 2004. 

Manley, C.H. and Shubiak, R, High pressure bquid chromatography of anthocyanins [food pigments], Can. Inst. Food Technol., 8, 35, 1975. 

Montoro, P. et al., Characterisation by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of anthocyanins in extracts of Myrtus communis L. berries used for the preparation of myrtle liqueur, J. Chromatogr. A, 1112, 232, 2006. 

Mazznca, P. et al.. Mass spectrometry in the stndy of anthocyanins and their derivatives differentiation of Vitis vinifera and hybrid grapes by liqnid chromatography, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom., 40, 83, 2005. 

Chapter 13 is devoted to the PLC of namral pigments, which encompass fla-vonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, chlorophylls and chlorophyll derivatives, porphyrins, quinones, and betalains. Chromatography of pigments is especially difficult because many are photo- and air-sensitive and can degrade rapidly unless precautions are taken. 

Because of its importance, the application of planar chromatography for the analysis of various secondary metabolites in plants such as heterocyclic oxygen compounds (coumarins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, etc.) has been reviewed many times [143,144],... 

The data prove that the retention order of anthocyanins deviates from each other in HPLC and TLC suggesting the involvement of a different retention mechanism. It was stated that the preseparation of anthocyanins by size-exclusion chromatography is a prerequisite of the successful preparative separation by RP-HPLC [244],... 

The anthocyanin profile of the flowers of Vanda (Orchidaceae) was investigated with a similar technique. Flowers (2 kg) were extracted with 101 of methanol-acetic acid-water (9 l 10,v/v) at ambient temperature for 24 h. The extract was purified by column chromatography, paper chromatography, TLC and preparative RP-HPLC. Analytical HPLC was carried out in an ODS column (250 X 4.6 mm, i.d.) at 40°C. Gradient conditions were from 40 per cent to 85 per cent B in 30 min (solvent A 1.5 per cent H3P04 in water solvent B 1.5 per cent H3P04, 20 per cent acetic acid and 25 per cent ACN in water). The flow rate was 1 ml/min and analytes were detected at 530 nm. The chemical structures of acylated anthocyanins present in the flowers are compiled in Table 2.90. The relative concentrations of anthocyanins in the flower extracts are listed in Table 2.91. It can be concluded from the results that the complex separation and identification methods (TLC, HPLC, UV-vis and II NMR spectroscopy, FAB-MS) allow the separation, quantitative determination and identification of anthocyanins in orchid flowers [262],... 

T. Shoji, A. Yanagida and T. Kanda, Gel permeation chromatography of anthocyanin pigments from rose cider and red wine. J. Agr. Food Chem. 47 (1999) 2885-2890. 

B. Berente, D.D.C. Garcia, M. Reichenbacher and K. Danzer, Method development for the determination of anthocyanins in red wines by high-performance liquid chromatography and classification of German red wines by means of multivariate statistical methods. J. ChromatogrA 871 (2000) 95-103. 

P. Dugo, L. Mondello, G. Errante, G. Zappia and G. Dugo, Identification of anthocyanins in berries by narrow-bore high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization detection. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49 (2001) 3987-3992. 

C.T. da Costa, D. Horton and S.A. Margolis, Analysis of anthocyanins in foods by liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. 881 (2000) 403 110. 

Fiorini, M., Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography for the purification of natural anthocyanins, J. Chromatogr. A, 692, 213, 1995. 

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