High performance liquid chromatography anthocyanins

Nielsen, I.L.F. et al., Quantification of anthocyanins in commercial black currant juices by simple high-performance liquid chromatography investigation of their pH stability and antioxidative potency, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 5861, 2003. 

Wu, X. and Prior, R.L., Identification and characterization of anthocyanins hy high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in common foods in the United States vegetables, nuts, and grains, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 3101, 2005. 

Chirinos, R. et al., High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD)/HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) profiling of anthocyanins from Andean mashua tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavon) and their contribution to the overall antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 7089, 2006. 

Tian, Q. et al., Screening for anthocyanins using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, common-neutral-loss analysis, and selected reaction monitoring, J. Chromatogr. A, 1091, 72, 2005. 

B. Berente, D.D.C. Garcia, M. Reichenbacher and K. Danzer, Method development for the determination of anthocyanins in red wines by high-performance liquid chromatography and classification of German red wines by means of multivariate statistical methods. J. ChromatogrA 871 (2000) 95-103. 

P. Dugo, L. Mondello, G. Errante, G. Zappia and G. Dugo, Identification of anthocyanins in berries by narrow-bore high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization detection. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49 (2001) 3987-3992. 

Fiorini, M., Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography for the purification of natural anthocyanins, J. Chromatogr. A, 692, 213, 1995. 

Mullen, W., Lean, M.E.J., and Crozier, A., Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 966, 63, 2002. 

Gao, L. and Mazza, G. 1994. A rapid method for complete characterization of simple and acylated anthocyanins by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary gas liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42 118-125. 

Kozminski R and Brett AMO, Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of anthocyanins. Anal Lett 39 2687-2697 (2006). 

Pelargonidin (Pel) with a mono-hydroxyl group on the B-ring of anthocyanin as a potent inhibitor of tyrosine nitrosylation in vitro scavenged a peroxynitrite (ONOCT). When Pel was reacted with ONOCT, two products were generated and identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pel could apparently inhibit the tyrosine nitrosylation by peroxynitrite, a harmful radical species formed via p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid [13]. 

Prior, R.L. Lazarus, S.A. Cao, G. Muccitelli, H. Hammerstone, J.F. 2001. Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 1270-1276. 

Sun, Y. Liao, X. Wang, Z. Hu, X. Chen, F. 2007. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanin of extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Eur. Food Res. Tech. 225 511-523. 

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the usual method of choice for the separation of anthocyanins combined with an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) or diode-array detector (DAD)(Hebrero et al., 1988 Hong et ah, 1990). With reversed-phase columns the elution pattern of anthocyanins is mainly dependent on the partition coefficients between the mobile phase and the Cjg stationary phase, and on the polarity of the analytes. The mobile phase consists normally of an aqueous solvent (water/carboxylic acid) and an organic solvent (methanol or acetonitrile/carboxylic acid). Typically the amount of carboxylic acid has been up to 10%, but with the addition of a mass spectrometer as a detector, the amount of acid has been decreased to as low as 1 % with a shift from trifluoroacetic acid to formic acid to prevent quenching of the ionization process that may occur with trifluoroacetic acid. The acidic media allows for the complete displacement of the equilibrium to the fiavylium cation, resulting in better resolution and a characteristic absorbance between 515 and 540 nm. HPLC separation methods, combined with electrochemical or DAD, are effective tools for anthocyanin analysis. The weakness of these detection methods is a lack of structural information and some nonspecificity leading to misattribution of peaks, particularly with electrochemical... 

High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array (HPEC-DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (ESI-MS(n)) has been used to identify anthocyanins in muscadine grapes (Sandhu et ah, 2010). Six different anthocyanin 3,5-diglucosides were identified in muscadine grape skins (Sandhu et al., 2010). 

Cooke, D.N., Thomasset, S. Boocock, D.J. Schwarz, M. Winterhalter, P. Steward, W.P. Gescher, A.J. Marczylo, T.H. 2006. Development of analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtilus) anthocyanins in human plasma and urine J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 7009-7013. 

Hebrero, E. Santosbuelga, C. Rivasgonzalo, J.C. 1988. High-performance liquid chromatography diode array spectroscopy identification of anthocyanins of Vitis vinifera variety tempranillo. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39 227-233. 

Vergara, C. Mardones, C. Hermosin-Gutierrez, 1. von Baer, D. 2010. Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography separation of red wine anthocyanins on a mixed-mode ion-exchange reversed-phase and on a reversed-phase column. J. Chromatogr. A. 1217 5710-5717. 

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