Anthocyanins countercurrent chromatography

Degenhardt, A., Knapp, H., and Winterhalter, P, Separation and purification of anthocyanins by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and screening for antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 338, 2000. 

Salas, E. et al.. Isolation of flavanol-anthocyanin adducts by countercurrent chromatography, J. Chrom. ScL, 43, 488, 2005. 

Schwarz, M. et al.. Application of high-speed countercurrent chromatography to the large-scale isolation of anthocyanins, Biochem. Eng. J., 14, 179, 2003. 

Vidal, S. et al., Fractionation of grape anthocyanin classes using multilayer coil countercurrent chromatography with step gradient elution. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 713, 2004. 

Salas, E., Eulcrand, H., Poncet-LeGrand, C., Meudec, E., Kohler, N., Winterhalter, R, Cheynier, V. (2005b). Isolation of flavanol-anthocyanin adducts by countercurrent chromatography. J. Chromatog. Sci. 43, 488-493. 

Anthocyanin may also dimerize yielding A-A dimers. Such dimers were tentatively identified by ESI-MS in grape skin extracts (Vidal et al, 2004), as well as in red wine fractions obtained by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (Salas et al, 2005) and by fractionation on Toyopearl after bisulfite bleaching (Alcalde-Eon et al, 2007). Two structures have been proposed for A-A+ A-type bond (C4-C8 and C2-0-C7) flavan-fiavylium dimers and B-type bond (C4-C8) flavene-flavylium (Vidal et al, 2004). Oligomers consisting of a flavanol residue directly linked to an anthocyanin dimer (F-A-A" ) have also been recently identified in red wine fractions (Alcalde-Eon et al., 2007). 

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