Frontal plane

As the surface area of frontal planes (rise of steps and bumps) increases upon the oxidizing treatment, the number of functional groups on these planes, i.e. at the extremities of basal planes, also increases. Thus, NaOH titration of acidic groups shows that the ac dity increases from 1.7 mmol m 2 (total graphite surface) to 6.1 mmoi m 2. therefore, steps and associated acidic groups exist initially but their number is greatly increased after NaCIO treatment. 

A) Transections of the heart following the classical human body planes (1) frontal plane, (2) horizontal plane and (3) sagittal plane. (B) Transections of the heart following the heart planes that cut the body obliquely. These are the planes used by the cardiac imaging experts (1) short-axis (transverse) view, in this case at mid-level (see B(1)) ... 

Therefore, often, the posterior wall does not exist and for this reason, the name inferior wall seems clearly better than the name inferoposterior . On the other hand, the anterior wall is, in fact, superoanterior, as is clearly appreciated in Figure 1.1 IB. However, in order to harmonise the terminology with imaging experts and to avoid more confusion, we consider that the names anterior wall and inferior wall are the most adequate for its simplification and also, because when an infarct exists in the anterior wall, the ECG repercussion is in the horizontal plane (HP V1-V6) and when it is in the inferior wall - even in the infer-obasal segment - it is in the frontal plane (FP). 

Figure 3.2 (A) shows normal electrocardiogram and vectocardiogram of a man with vertical heart. Observe the clockwise rotation of the QRS loop in the frontal plane, as it occurs in 65% of normal individuals. In the horizontal plane, QRS loop turns counter-clockwise, while in right sagittal plane in clockwise direction, as it happens normally. See the T loop with the first part of slower...

Figure 3.28 A patient with chronic constrictive pericarditis. The T wave is negative in many leads, but not quite deep, without the mirror pattern in the frontal plane. The T wave is only positive in VR and V1 because as this is a diffuse subepicardial ischaemia, they are the only two leads in which the ischaemia vector that is directed away from the ischaemic area is approaching the exploring electrode.

Figure 4.39 Above STE-ACS due to occlusion of the obtuse marginal branch (OM). (A) Site of the occlusion. (B) Myocardial area at risk. (C) Polar map of the involved area. (D) Injury vector that is directed to the left (approximately 0° to +20° in the frontal plane) and somewhat backwards. Occasionally, if small, it hardly produces any ST-segment deviations. If they occur, the ST-segment elevation is observed in some lateral and inferior leads especially in I, II, VF and V6, with a usually...

Figure 5.30 Typical example of inferior myocardial infarction (Qr in II, III and VF) with leftward AQRS. Nevertheless, the left-deviated AQRS (-35°) is not explained by an added superoanterior hemiblock (SAH), but simply by the inferior necrosis, because although the majority of the QRS loop in the frontal plane is above 0°, as it completely rotates in the clockwise sense, a small terminal r (Qr morphology) in II, III and VF is recorded. If an added SAH exists, the first part of the loop would be the same, but would later rotate in the counter-clockwise direction and would generate QS with notches but without the final r wave in inferior leads.

Figure 5.62 ECG-VCG example of inferior Ml + SAH. There is q wave in II, III and aVF without terminal r wave (qrs in II and QS in III and VF). VCG loop in frontal plane rotates first clockwise and then counter-clockwise.

Figure 5.63 ECG-VCG example of inferior Ml without SAH. There is qR in II, and qr in III and aVF. VCG loop in frontal plane rotates always clockwise but is directed a little bit more downwards than in Figure 5.33. (The last...

Figure 10.3 A 60-year-old patient that presented Ml some months ago. According to the SPECT imaging (below) the Ml affects predominantly segment 4 (inferobasal). In the FP cannot be seen evident Q wave, neither tall R in V1, although the low voltage of QRS in frontal plane with qrs or rSr pattern in inferior leads in a man without COPD suggests ischaemic heart disease.

Repolarization of the ventricle leads to the T wave. The T wave usually goes in the same direction as the QRS complex. The normal axis of the ECG is 30 degrees (above the horizontal) to 4-110 degrees (away from the horizontal) (Fig. 11-5). The six frontal plane (A) and the six horizontal plane (B) leads provide a three-dimensional representation of cardiac electrical activity. 

FIGURE 11-5. The six frontal plane (A) and six horizontal plane (6) leads provide a three-dimensional representation of cardiac electrical activity. (Redrawn from ref. 7 with permission.)... 

Fig. 155. Staining with cyclic 3, 5 -guanosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase (cGK) antisera of sections of cerebellum of rat fetuses of embryonic day E17, E19 and a neonate (PO) cut in the frontal plane. A,B- E17. Cluster I is composed of a medial sheet (arrow in B) lying against the germinative neuroepithelium. Close to the midline this sheet bends dorsally and reaches the cortex. The central cluster (CC) is located at the center of the hemicerebellum. C. E19. In this section four of the five cGK-positive clusters I-V are present. The labelled fiber-like material, which tails the labelled clusters ( and o) indicates the migration pathways followed by the Purkinje cells of the clusters I and III from the subventricular plate and the central cluster at El7 to their present, superficial position. D. PO rat pup. Fiber bundles linking the clusters I and III with the cerebellar nuclei intersect at the former position of the central cluster. It is suggested that the bundle from cluster III ( ) terminates in the dorsolateral protuberance. In the adult this connection corresponds to the projection of the lateral extension of the A zone of Buisseret-Delmas (1988a, compare Figs. 142 and 144). Bar in A = 100 /tm, in B, C and D = 500 fxm. Wassef and Sotelo (1984).

Consider Ax = l/p for a unit gram mass of material with an exposed frontal plane area of 1 cm , where p is the density of the absorbing substance in grams per cubic centimeter. Since E is the energy in millions of electron volts (Mev) per particle or photon of radiation, then the rate of energy absorption or dose rate is... 

The flux 4> can be converted to the health physics dose rate D by Eq. (10-4) if there were some method of relating the source strength S to the initial or frontal plane flux Furthermore, if the area for absorption increases with distance as is the case for a spherical shield surrounding a... 

The human hip is a modified spherical (ball-and-socket) joint. Thus, the hip possesses three degrees of freedom of motion with three correspondingly arranged, mutually perpendicular axes that intersect at the geometric center of rotation of the spherical head. The transverse axis lies in the frontal plane and... 

Figure 10.3 Myocard of left (thick) and right (thin) ventricles, the Einthoven triangle in the frontal plane. QRS heart vector m, normal angle values are between —30° and +90°.

Figure 10.5 Einthoven s triangle. The triangle is in the frontal plane of the patient, m is the heart vector bound to the center of the heart u is the instantaneous scalar voltage measured in a respective lead a is the instantaneous angle of the electric axis of the heart.

QRS, and T complexes have different directions (see the text box in Figure 10.4). Dm-ing a QRS complex, the locus of the vector arrow describes a closed loop in the frontal plane. Figure 10.6. 

Figure 10.6 Locus of the heart vector m given each 10 ms in the QRS diastole. Derived from the Einthoven triangle (Figure 10.5). The graph is in the frontal plane and the x-axis has the direction of the lead vector H (a = 0).

In terms of kinematics, the PRODISC is stated by its manufacturer to have 10 degrees in the sagittal and frontal planes (Figure 10.13) (Tropiano etal. 2003). Specifically, it is stated to have a ROM of 13 degrees in flexion and 7 degrees in extension. Translation occurs as a result of flexion-extension and lateral bending. In axial rotation, the implant does not limit the ROM (PRODISC 2002). 

FIGURE 5.10 Retroreflective targets are placed over the medial and lateral malleoli and femoral condyles (a). These anatomical targets are used to define the frontal plane of the shank (h). The X axis projects from the ankle Joint center toward the knee joint center. The axis lies perpendicular to the frontal plane, with the Z axis given by the cross product of X and Y. The orthogonal axes in the tight panel represent the ACS,h , which is located at the COM of the segment. 

Angle of the tibial tunnel in sagittal and frontal planes in degrees. 

Fig. 6. Strain readings at five locations in the frontal plane of the vertebral body under anterior shear loading for normal and simulated degeneration specimens. Note that the strain values do not change due to the simulated degeneration (Frei 1999)...

In Figure 25.8b, the Z axis is determined by the unit vector directed from the distal to the proximal segment end, the Y axis is determined by the unit vector that is perpendicular to both the frontal plane and the Z axis, and finally the X axis is determined by the application of the right-hand rule (orientated in the medial-lateral direction). 

Fig. 7.7 (A) Twelve-lead ECG during pacing demonstrates left bundle-branch block morphology and inferiorly directed mean frontal plane axis, suggesting that the pacing electrode is in the right ventricular outflow tract. (B) Pacing lead placement in the right ventricular apex is indicated by the left bundle branch block morphology and the mean frontal plane superior axis. Notice that the pacemaker does not sense the premature ventricular depolarization (fourth QRS complex in all leads), which indicates that the sensitivity should be increased (by reducing the sensitivity value).

---