Anion amphoteres

Results described in the literature have resulted in several patents, such as one for the improvement of the transport of viscous crude oil by microemulsions based on ether carboxylates [195], or combination with ether sulfate and nonionics [196], or several anionics, amphoterics, and nonionics [197] increased oil recovery with ether carboxylates and ethersulfonates [198] increased inversion temperature of the emulsion above the reservoir temperature by ether carboxylates [199], or systems based on ether carboxylate and sulfonate [200] or polyglucosylsorbitol fatty acid ester [201] and eventually cosolvents which are not susceptible for temperature changes. Ether carboxylates also show an improvement when used in a C02 drive process [202] or at recovery by steam flooding [203]. 

The additives used were anionic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants, sucrose fatty acid esters (S1670, S970, S370),... 

The second example involves a mixture of two different types of commercial foam-forming surfactants anionic and amphoteric (7). Unlike the mixture of the previous example, an anionic—amphoteric surfactant mixture probably does not follow ideal mixed micelle behavior (138). The results of three core-floods, performed separately with each surfactant and with a mixture of the two surfactants, are summarized as follows. The anionic surfactant adsorbs negligibly when used either by itself or when mixed with the betaine (at least at the low salinity used in these particular core-floods). Betaine adsorption is lowered by about an order of magnitude by mixing it with the anionic surfactant, from 1.7 down to 0.2 mg/g. 

Charge at pH 7 Polyanionic Cationic/anionic/amphoteric Generally neutral... 

There are some common complex systems, such as anionic/anionic, anionic/cationic, anionic/ amphoteric, anionic/nonionic, male/non-ionic mixed surfactant and so on. Compared with other combinations, anion/cation, anionic/amphoteric show a better synergistic effect. 

Starches are very common natural products heavily used by the paper and other industries (29). In paper coatings, they are used as both binders and co-binders (thickeners). They naturally occur in two fractions, namely linear amylose and branched amylopectin, with usually the latter being the more abundant. Modification may be performed in numerous ways (29) in order to provide desirable physico-chemical properties, tailored to usage. For example, it is possible to cationically modify starch by using cationization reagents at high pH, in order to produce starches suitable as pigment binders. Nonionic, oxidized, anionic, amphoteric, hydrophobi-cally modified, and other starch variants may also be produced. 

Figure 12. Relative effects on particle electrophoretic mobility and Zeta potential, of adsorbing anionic, amphoteric or cationic surfactants. The different kinds of rock particles are sandstone (SS), limestone (LS), and dolomite (Dolo), all dispersed in aqueous solution. (From Mannhardt et al. [152]. Copyright 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.)...

Formulating Considerations Compatible in anionic, amphoteric, nonionic, or cationic systems and is formulation flexible to suit any conditioning requirement Form Supplied Powder... 

Surfactants can be cationic, anionic, amphoteric or nonionic. The length of the carbon chain affects the different wetting, foaming, emubifying or detergent properties. 

Surfactants are usually classified as follows from the most irritating to the mildest cationics > anionics > amphoterics > nonionics. 

Features Compat. with anionic, amphoteric, cationic surfactants available in Kosher grade... 

Features Compat. with anionic, amphoteric, cationic surfactants available in Kosher grade stable in aq. acidic and alkaline sol ns Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 180.1001 (c)(e), 182.99 Europe EINECS Canada DSL ... 

Chem. Descrip. Anionic and amphoteric surfactant blend Ionic Nature Anionic/amphoteric... 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium lauroamphoacetate Uses Surfactant for personal care, shampoos, bubble bath, bath gels, body washes foaming agent, vise, builder far anionic/amphoteric formulations Features Extremely mild... 

Uses Emulsifier, wetting agent, solubilizer, dispersanL superfatting agent, emollient, plasticizer for topical pharmaceuticals, soap, cleansing scrubs anti-irritant for anionic/amphoteric surfoctant systems, hydroalcoholic systems solubilizer, dispersant for fragrances and other lipophilic materials emollienL solubilizer for hydroalcoholic systems, external analgesic prods. 

Features Exc. wetting props. readily mixable with anionic, amphoteric, non-ionic surfactants... 

Uses Surfactant, foam builder, cleaning agent blend for dishwashing liq. cones., all-purpose cleaners, floor cleaners, car shampoos, window cleaners Features Good compat. with electrolytes good tolerance of water hardness easy to handle can be applied in a pH range from 3-10 compat. with anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfaefants Properties Cl. yel. liq. 45% cone. 

Features Good tolerance of water hardness low foaming compat. with anionic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants good calcium tolerance Regulatory BfArM and FDA compliant... 

Features Very mild good foaming props. good tolerance of water hardness creates a hard crystalline dry residue compat. with anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants not compat. with cationic surfactants Properties Bright yel, turbid paste (tends to precipitate) pH 6.5-7.5 (5% solids) ... 

Chem. Descrip. Surfactant blend Uses Surfactant blend for carpet and upholstery cleaners Features Stable dry foam good cleansing properties easy to handle compat. with anionic, amphoteric, nonionic surfactants Properties Wh., opaque emulsion 29% act. 

Features Good stability in presence of org. acids and diluted inorg. acids low foaming compat. with anionic, amphoteric, cationic, and nonionic surfactants Properties Gardner 6 low vise. cl. liq. dens. 8.2 Ib/gal pH 10 (10% aq.) Environmental Biodeg. 

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