Nonionic surfactants properties

The use of w/o microanulsions as media for the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of mono- and diesters of various hydrophilic diols which have nonionic surfactant properties suitable for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutritional purposes was investigated [112,122,130,131]. In this system, relatively large quantities of hydrophilic diols can be solubilized and their selective esterification with various fatty acids can be achieved with very high reaction rates at room temperature. By controlling the reaction time and the concentration of the substrates it is possible to change the product distribution toward the preferential mono- or diesters of hydrophilic diols [122]. 

Uses Surfactant, foam builder, and detergent In hand dishwash detergents, car wash detergents, and other cleaners/delergents Features High foaming stable in moderate levels of acid and alkali compatible with anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants Properties Lt, d. yel. liq. sp.gr. 1.03 dens. 8.70 Ib/gal vise. 25 cps pH (1 %) 6.5 35% act. 

Features Compat. with cationic, amphoteric, anionic,a nd nonionic surfactants Properties Wh. flake m.p. 55-65 C HLB 2 acid no. 2 max. sapon. no. 180-190 100% soiids... 

Features Used alone or in combination with other nonionic surfactants Properties Liq. 40% cone. 

Features Compat. with anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants Properties Wh. waxy flakes mild char, fatty odor sol. in min. oil, most natural oils insol. in water sp.gr. 0.8 m.p. 48-55 C b.p. > 350 C acid no. 2 max. iodine no. 4 max. hyd. no. 205-220 flash pt. 330 F 0.3% max. moisture Tordcology Not considered a toxic substance TSCA listed Environmental Biodeg. 

Features Good hard wafer compafibilify genfle to the skin creates synergies in respect to skin toleration when combined with other anionic surfactants compat. with anionic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants Properties Coloriess to yish. si. turbid liq. 39% act. 

Chem. Descrip. Surfactant blend Uses Surfactant blend for carpet and upholstery cleaners Features Stable dry foam good cleansing properties easy to handle compat. with anionic, amphoteric, nonionic surfactants Properties Wh., opaque emulsion 29% act. 

Features Good stability in presence of org. acids and diluted inorg. acids low foaming compat. with anionic, amphoteric, cationic, and nonionic surfactants Properties Gardner 6 low vise. cl. liq. dens. 8.2 Ib/gal pH 10 (10% aq.) Environmental Biodeg. 

Uses Detergent, wetting agent for surface treatment, vehicle cleaning Features Compat. with betaines, ampholytes, cationic and nonionic surfactants Properties Mobil, dark, amber liq, sol, in all proportions in soft and hard water ... 

Features Compatible with other anionic surfactants and with nonionic surfactants Properties Cl, liq. insol. in water m.w, 444 pH 5.0-7.0 (1% distilled water) Toxicology TSCA listed Environmental 90-98% biodegrad. 

Features Compat. with anionic, amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants. Properties Colorless, translucent free-flowable liq. mild aldehydic odor readily sol. 

Features Compat. with anionic and nonionic surfactants Properties Pale yel. liq. sol. in ethanol, xylene, perchloroethylene, water insol. in min. oil, kerosene sp.gr. 1.13 (68 F) dens, 9,4 Ib/gal (68 F) acid no, 129 (pH 5,5), 248 (pH 9,5) pour pt, < 10 F flash pt, (PMCC) > 250 F pH 2-3 (1% aq,) surf, tens, 30,7 dynes/cm (0,05% aq,) 1% max, moisture Toxicology Nonhazardous acidic low acute oral and skin penetration toxicity Precaution Incompat, with cone, oxidizing or reducing agents as mixts, of these compds, with org, compds, form a potentially explosive mixt,... 

Chem. Descrip. Cocamidopropyl betaine Uses Surfactant used in shampoos, bubble baths, liq. handsoaps Features Compat. with anionic, cationic, nonionic surfactants Properties 30°% act. 

Features Usuaiiy used in combination with nonionic surfactants Properties Liq. 50% cone. 

Schemes for classifying surfactants are based upon physical properties or upon functionality. Charge is tire most prevalent physical property used in classifying surfactants. Surfactants are charged or uncharged, ionic or nonionic. Charged surfactants are furtlier classified as to whetlier tire amphipatliic portion is anionic, cationic or zwitterionic. Anotlier physical classification scheme is based upon overall size and molecular weight. Copolymeric nonionic surfactants may reach sizes corresponding to 10 000-20 000 Daltons. Physical state is anotlier important physical property, as surfactants may be obtained as crystalline solids, amoriDhous pastes or liquids under standard conditions. The number of tailgroups in a surfactant has recently become an important parameter. Many surfactants have eitlier one or two hydrocarbon tailgroups, and recent advances in surfactant science include even more complex assemblies [7, 8 and 9].

Nonionie Detergents. Nonionic surfactants rarely are used as the primary cleansing additives ia shampoos. They are generally poor foaming, but have value as additives to modify shampoo properties, eg, as viscosity builders, solubilizers, emulsifiers, and conditioning aids. 

The higher aUphatic amine oxides are commercially important because of their surfactant properties and are used extensively in detergents. Amine oxides that have surface-acting properties can be further categorized as nonionic surfactants however, because under acidic conditions they become protonated and show cationic properties, they have also been called cationic surfactants. Typical commercial amine oxides include the types shown in Table 1. 

Possibility of changing the properties of micellar phases by electrolyte inclusions was shown. Under this condition, in the systems with manifestation of complexes formation between the cationic compound of the electrolyte and the polyoxyethylene chain of the surfactant, increase of the hydrophilic properties of micellar phases was observed. The electrolytes that do not have affinity to the surfactant s molecule practically do not influence the liophily of the nonionic surfactant-rich phases. 

A great number of nonionic surfactants have been ethoxylated and subsequently reacted with P4O10. The acid phosphate esters from this reaction possess surface properties and detergency similar to the nonionic surface-active agents employed as reactants. Detergency tests and foam heights from the Ross-Miles method have been reported for a series of compounds. Various formulations for all-purpose cleaners are given as well [37,40,41,44,48]. 

Some phosphorus-containing surfactants have bacteriostatic properties. In combination with their physiological acceptance they are used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In mutanase oral anticarie compositions the combination of alkyl phosphates and nonionic surfactants stabilizes mutanase. A dentifrice useful for prevention of dental caries contains 0.5% sodium lauryl phosphate and 1.5% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate [222]. 

Nonionic Surfactants, edited by Martin J. Schick see aiso Voiumes 19, 23, and 60) Soivent Properties of Surfactant Soiutions, edited by Kozo Shinoda (see Voiume 55) Surfactant Biodegradation, R. D. Swisher see Voiume 18)... 

Kakiuehi et al. [84] studied the adsorption properties of two types of nonionic surfactants, sorbitan fatty acid esters and sucrose alkanoate, at the water-nitrobenzene interface. These surfactants lower the interfacial capacity in the range of the applied potential with no sign of desorption. On the other hand, the remarkable adsorption-desorption capacity peak analogous to the adsorption peak seen for organic molecules at the mercury-electrolyte interface can be observed in the presence of ionic surfactants, such as triazine dye ligands for proteins [85]. 

Surfactants have been widely used to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and soil, thus enhancing the efficiency of rinsing oil from soil. Numerous environmentally safe and relatively inexpensive surfactants are commercially available. Table 18.6 lists some surfactants and their chemical properties.74 The data in Table 18.6 are based on laboratory experimentation therefore, before selection, further field testing on their performance is recommended. The Texas Research Institute75 demonstrated that a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants resulted in contaminant recovery of up to 40%. A laboratory study showed that crude oil recovery was increased from less than 1% to 86%, and PCB recovery was increased from less than 1% to 68% when soil columns were flushed with an aqueous surfactant solution.74-76... 

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