Animals immune sera preparation

Polyclonal antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into an animal in the presence of an adjuvant containing bacterial lipopolysaccharides that stimulate the immune system. Serum prepared from the blood contains several different classes of antibodies that interact with different domains in the antigen molecule, each of... 

Although the serum of animals immunized with small amounts of toxins has been used for many years to help people recover from diphtheria or to provide protection against snake or scorpion venom, there have been other situations where a specific antibody was needed in a concentrated form. Unfortunately, there were limits to what animal antibodies could do. First, the animal serum preparations, even with repeated injections, were mixtures of antibodies—not collections of many of the same antibody. That is just the way the immune system works in animals, including humans. In addition, there was always the danger of taking the serum from a diseased animal remember the case of Jim, the horse with tetanus ... 

Injected forms of antibodies which have been generated in another body or animal can be isolated, purified, and administered as standard human immune serum globulin (ISG), and ISG plus preparation, or as an animal antiserum or antitoxin. Some serums which are available are those for rabies, snake and insect bites, botulism, and tetanus. Temporary immunity of up to six months to hepatitis can be imparted by one "gamma globulin" shot. More permanent active immunity is available to health care workers. 

IgG from precipitated blood fraction and crude blood serum of immunized animals Analytical and semi preparative separation, comparison with ELISA method Affinity (different peptides, e. g. Bradykinin) disks [77]... 

Antibody Production A thick emulsion of the immunogen (clonazepam-bovine-serum-albumin-con-jugate) is prepared employing complete Freund s adjuvant and two New Zealand white female rabbits are immunized intradermally at multiple sites with the immunogen emulsion. The animals are then administered... 

The blood and milk serum from Poltava and Lugansk regions of Ukraine were supplied by Leiconad . Serum dilutions from 1 50 to 1 20000 were prepared in PBS (pH 7.4). The blood serum of the immunized animals was obtained from 6 to 12 months old calves after their vaccination with the medication developed by Leiconad . To prepare milk serum the fresh sample was acidified with 5% acetic acid and then centrifuged for 15 min at 400 g. 

Monoclonal antibody therapy (MAT) makes use of all the major features of the immune response. It involves vaccination/ immunization, albeit in experimental animals, to induce the desired specific immune response. It exploits the high specificity, selectivity, and affinity of the antibody CDR toward the target antigen to be recognized, highlighted, inactivated, or eliminated, using the characteristics of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to facilitate the means for such inactivation or elimination and for selection of appropriate effector mechanisms. Finally, MAT represents a modern form of serotherapy, in which parenteral administration of whole serum or Ig preparations has been replaced by recombinant antibody molecules of a defined specificity. 

Exposure to a specific antigen causes clonal expansion of all B cells capable of reacting with the multiple epitopes present on the antigen. Thus, the immune response to the entire antigen results in the production of antibodies by several clones of B cells. The resultant mixture of antibodies present in the serum is called a polyclonal antibody. In addition, because an animal is naturally exposed to a host of other antigens in its environment, its serum also contains antibodies produced by clones specific for each of these antigens. Therefore a polyclonal antibody preparation obtained from an animal is a mixture of many distinct antibody classes, only some of which are specific for the antigen used in experimental immunization. 

Cell therapy consists of the parenteral or enteral administration of cells or parts of cell obtained from animal organs and/or tissues from cattle, sheep, pigs, or rabbits. Two different types of cell preparations are in use fresh cells, which are administered in fresh form, and dried cells or so-called sicca cells, which are prepared for later use. The most prevailing risks of cell therapy are local and generalized allergic reactions (fever, nausea, vomiting, urticaria, and anaphylactic shock). Other untoward consequences include fatal and non-fatal encephalomyelitis, polyneuritis, Landry-Guillain-Barre sjmdrome, fatal serum sickness, perivenous leukoencephalitis, and immune-complex vasculitis. 

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