Scorpion venoms

Antibodies Derived from Horse Antisera Botulism antitoxin, diphtheria antitoxin, scorpion venom antisera, snake venom antisera, spider anti-venins, and tetanus antitoxin. 

L. D. Possani R. C. Rodriguez de la Vega, Scorpion Venom Peptides. In Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides] J. Kastin, Ed. Elsevier Burlington, MA, 2006 p 339. 

Although the serum of animals immunized with small amounts of toxins has been used for many years to help people recover from diphtheria or to provide protection against snake or scorpion venom, there have been other situations where a specific antibody was needed in a concentrated form. Unfortunately, there were limits to what animal antibodies could do. First, the animal serum preparations, even with repeated injections, were mixtures of antibodies—not collections of many of the same antibody. That is just the way the immune system works in animals, including humans. In addition, there was always the danger of taking the serum from a diseased animal remember the case of Jim, the horse with tetanus ... 

Scorpion venom antisera Horse Specificity against venom of one or more species of scorpion... 

High amounts of hyaluroiridase are present in scorpion venom [17]. The enzyme is also present in the venom of tarantula (Eurypebna caUforructm)... 

In Chapter 16 Trabalon and Bagneres present an overview of non-insect contact pheromones with emphasis on long-chain hydrocarbons and derivative compounds in Arachnids. Apart from studies on spider and scorpion venoms, the first semiochemical studies in these... 

Aptotoxin VII, from venom of a trap-door spider Rantuerin-2csa, broad-spectrum antibacterial peptide, identification of a full-length helix-turn-helix motif Oral mucosal a-defensin from Rhesus macaque Cobatoxin 1, scorpion venom... 

Discrepin, a scorpion venom toxin blocking K+ channels... 

Reportedly, the spice is also used as an antidote for both snake and scorpion venom. 

P-Scorpion toxins] Scorpion venom V-Na+ CH blockers (block... 

Scorpion venom may reach systemic circulation through lymphatic transport following a sting. Of those scorpions located in the United States, Centruroides exilicauda, found in southeastern California, Arizona, Nevada, southern Utah, and southwestern New Mexico, is an example of a scorpion that can produce significant systemic toxicity following envenomation. Onset of systemic symptoms typically occurs within 4h of the sting. The metabolism of venom components is not well understood. Tissue distribution of venom is complex. 

Scorpion venom is composed of many different fractions that can vary among the different scorpion species. These venom fractions act at different tissue receptor sites. Local tissue reaction is a result of the inflammatory response to the injected foreign proteins and enzymes making up the venom. The venom of Centruroides species contains several different neurotoxins. These toxins block the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system and in muscles by blocking the transport of ions through sodium and potassium channels at the cellular level. Other venom components may decrease the heart rate by causing the release of acetylcholine. 

Scorpion venom is used in a variety of research settings because of its ability to block sodium chaimels. A new class of toxin (tetrapandins) has recently been identified within the venom of Pandinus imperator. These toxins have been shown to have inhibitory effects on store-operated calcium entry in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. 

Nonner W 1979 Effects of Ceiurus scorpion venom on the gating current in myelinated nerve. Adv Cytopharmacol 3 345-352... 

Toxins Alcohol (ethanol) consumption, scorpion venom, organophosphorus insecticides... 

In crystal structures of folded proteins the prolyl peptide bonds are generally either cis or trans in every molecule. There is, however, an increasing number of exceptions to this rule, and cis/trans equilibria have been found, in particular by 2D-NMR spectroscopy in solution. Examples include staphylococcal nuclease (Evans et al, 1987), insulin (Higgins etal., 1988), calbindin (Chazin et al., 1989 Kordel et al., 1990), scorpion venom Lqh-8/6 (Adjadj et al., 1997), human interleukin-3 (Feng et al., 1997), and the TB6 domain of human fibrillin-1 (Yuan etal., 1997 Yuan et al., 1998). 

Blaustein MP (1975) Effects of potassium, veratridine and scorpion venom on calcium accumulation and transmitter release by nerve terminals in vitro. J Physiol (Lond) 247 617-655... 

There are few agents that have the ability to interfere with the presynaptic release of ACh. The botulinum toxin is one, probably by binding to a presynaptic site where it blocks Ca2+-stimulated ACh release. Other toxins such as a-bungarotoxin also have this ability. A partial inhibition may exist with morphine and d-tubocurare. The release of ACh from presynaptic neurons can be affected by some drugs including neostigmine, certain Veratrum alkaloids, and scorpion venom. 

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