Escape behavior

Escape behavior, effects of LSD and other hallucinogens on, 79-80 Excitatory 5-HT receptors effects of hallucinogens on activity of, 55-56... 

Citral (123), formic acid (124), and n-undecane (125) are among a host of other compounds identified as formicid alarm pheromones. Recently, Wheeler and Blum (126) reported that alkyl-pyrazines were secreted by Odontomachus spp. in response to foreign stimuli. Some species produced 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine (XXIX) whereas 2,5-dimethyl-3-pentylpyrazine (XXX) and related compounds were produced by others. Although these compounds are attractants that release attack behavior in Odontomachus workers, ponerine species that form small colonies utilize one of the alkylpyrazines to release escape behavior (127). 

Aphid Alarm Pheromones. When aphids are attacked by predators they produce droplets of secretion from their cornicles whose odor initiates escape behavior in nearby siblings. The first alarm pheromone was identified by Bowers et al. (2A) for the rose, pea, greenbug, and cotton aphids as trans-0-farnesene. The macrocyclic hydrocarbon germacrene A was subsequently identified as the alarm pheromone of the sweetclover and spotted alfalfa aphids (Figure 6) (25., 25.). 

Acute animal tests in rats have demonstrated phosphine to have extreme acute toxicity via inhalation. Signs include early hypoactivity followed by restlessness, escape behaviors, ataxia, convulsions, and death within 30 min with high concentrations. Concentration-time studies demonstrated evidence of Haber s law, that is, within certain limits, the product of concentration and time of exposure to elicit lethality was remarkably constant. The lowest lethal concentration in rats was 7.5 mg m. The acute oral LD50 for metallic salts (e.g., aluminum phosphide) is typically quite low ( 10 mg kg In rabbits acutely exposed to high levels of phosphine via inhalation, dyspnea, paralysis, convulsions, hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, and damage to the spleen were reported. 

Active avoidance. D Mello (1987) administered NaCN (0.0,1.0,2.0, or 3.0 mg/kg) SC to guinea pigs well trained on an active avoidance task, in which animals were required to cross from one side of a test chamber to the other to escape from or avoid an electric current applied to the grid floor. A trained animal will learn that these cues allow for anticipation of current onset as evidenced by a shift from escape behavior to avoidance behavior during training. At 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, NaCN decreased the number of avoidance responses and increased the number of escape responses, response latency, and response time. It is not likely that these observations were related to a motor deficit because the number of intertrial crossings was not affected. 

Geller, L, R.J. Hartmann, Jr. and E.M. Gause. 1985. Effects of subchronic administration of soman on acquisition of avoidance-escape behavior by laboratory rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23(2) 225-30. 

Fields DM, Yen J (1997) The escape behavior of marine copepods in response to a quantifiable fluid mechanical disturbance. J Plankton Res 19 1289—1304... 

Cromarty SI, Mello J, Kass-Simon G (1998) Comparative analysis of escape behavior in male, and gravid and non-gravid, female lobsters. Biol Bull 194 63-71... 

Edwards DH, Heitler WJ, Krasne FB (1999) Fifty years of a command neuron the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish. Trends Neurosci 22 153-161... 

Geller I, Sawa A, Stavinoha WB (1987) Effects of subchronic soman on avoidance-escape behavior and cholinesterase activity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 9 377-386. 

Iwamoto, K. and Olshi, J. Escape Behavior of Non-Gaseous Fission Products Recoiled Into Graphite. J. Nucl. Mater. 285 (1969). 23 16550... 

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