Animal paddy

Controlling methane release from wetland, rice paddies and gaseous emissions from animals is more problematic. The release from rice paddies and wet lands is slow, intermittent and takes place over a wide geographic area, and thus very difficult to control. Gaseous emissions from agricultural animals contribute to atmospheric accumulation of methane due to fermentative digestion that produces methane in... 

Recent estimates indicate that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by a third since the beginning of the industrial age, and that it contributes significantly to global warming. Other major contributors include methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide. Methane is the principal component of natural gas, but it is also produced by other sources such as rice paddies and farm animals. Tropospheric ozone is generated naturally and by the sunlight-... 

Schbnwiese (1995) calculates the CH share in the greenhouse effect of about 2.5% and agriculture is believed to account for roughly two-thirds of the total human-generated CH (Watson ef al. 1996). While paddy rice fields, cattle feedlots and the burning of biomass contribute to methane emissions, about 75% of methane on farms is emitted directly from ruminant animals, from digestive processes and excretion (Stolze ef al. 2000, Alfbldi ef al. 2002, Shepherd ef al. 2003). 

The total flux of CH4 to the atmosphere today is about 34 x 1012 moles y1 about 20% of this flux results from enteric fermentation processes in animals, termites, and humans. Of the remaining flux, about 60% comes from the process of methanogenesis in sediments of various types-primarily muds of rice paddy fields, swamps, and marshes. The overall bacterial reactions in sediments are the disproportionation of organic matter to CH4 and CO2, that is ... 

A major fraction of paddy rice is the hull. The hull is non-digestible, fibrous and abrasive in character, and has a low bulk density and a high ash content, ft is used only in limited, low-value applications, such as in animal feed, in chicken litter, as a juice pressing aid and as fuel.15... 

Animals. The major urinary metabolite is 4-hydroxyinabenfide Plants. Metabolized to inabenfide ketone Soil. Half-life under Japanese paddy field conditions, c. 4 months... 

It is estimated that about 500 million tons of methane are being added to the air each year (Craig and Chou, 1982), largely by anaerobic production in rice paddies and wetlands as well as from the metabolism of ruminant domestic animals and, possibly, African termites (Rasmussen and Khalil, 1981 Zimmerman et d., 1982). This gas is slowly oxidized by reactions with Hydroxyl free radical. Its atmospheric content is around 5 gigatons, indicating that the residence time in the atmosphere is about 10 years. As Figure 12 shows, since 1965 the atmospheric concentration of methane has increased by about 3096. If this rate continues, the methane concentration will have doubled early in the 21st century. 

The first global CH4 budgets were compiled by Ehhalt (1974) and Ehhalt and Schmidt (1978), who used available published information to estimate emissions of CH4 to the atmosphere. They considered paddy fields, freshwater sources (lakes, swamps, and marshes), upland fields and forests, tundra, the ocean, and enteric fermentation by animals as biogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources included industrial natural gas losses and emission from coal mining, and were considered to be free. Observations of CH4 placed an upper limit on anthropogenic sources. Oxidation by the OH radical, as well as loss to the stratosphere by eddy diffusion and Hadley circulation, were presumed to be methane sinks. In spite of lack of data, this work correctly identified the major atmospheric sources and did... 

The water buffalo Bubalus bubalis), also known as the old-world buffalo or domestic buffalo, is a common species of livestock in tropical countries. The water buffalo is commonly used as a draft animal, particularly for plowing wet fields, for example, in the cultivation of paddy rice. This species is also utilized for its meat, and for milk. 

Includes enteric fermentation in cattle, sheep, and buffalo rice paddies biomass burning landfills animal waste and, domestic sewage. 

The second major greenhouse gas is CH4 which is produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic material the old name of marsh gas came about because bubbles of CH4 escape from marshes. Flooded areas such as rice paddy fields produce large amounts of CH4, and ruminants (e.g. cows, sheep and goats) also expel sizeable quantities of CH4. Although the latter is a natural process, recent increases in the numbers of domestic animals around the world are naturally leading to increased release of CH4 into the atmosphere. 

Urea is another form of nitrogen, which is a waste product from animals and humans. It is also industrially produced and is commonly used as a fertilizer in agricultural ecosystems including rice paddies throughout the world. 

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